Blood (For Exam 3) Flashcards
Functions of Blood
carries nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and signaling molecules (hormones) to and from the cells of the body
What kind of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
55% of the blood in a centrifuge is…
plasma
- made of water, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), and other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products)
Less than 1% of the blood in a centrifuge is…
the buffy coat
- made of platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells)
44% of the blood in the centrifuge is…
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- most dense component of blood
Formed Elements
includes the buffy coat, erythrocytes,and some proteins of the plasma
Hematocrit
the percentages of volume of all formed elements in the blood, which is attributed mainly by the percentages of volume of red blood cells
92% of the plasma is made of…
water
7% of plasma is made of…
proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
1% of plasma is made of…
other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products)
Albumin
- the most abundant of the plasma proteins
- help retain water in the blood
- help transport hormones
Globulins
- transport lipids
- immunoglobulins are produced by defense cells to help protect the body against pathogens that may cause disease
Fibrinogen
helps with clot formation
What do red blood cells lack?
nuclei and organelles
What do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
part of a red blood cell, binds oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is an important component of the hemoglobin molecule?
iron
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
120 days
When the red blood cell is broken down in the liver, heme (hemoglobin-iron) is converted to what?
bilirubin, a component of bile
Iron is transported from the _____ to ________ for recycling.
liver ; bone marrow
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
biconcave
Red blood cells function anaerobically meaning…
they do not use any of the oxygen they transport
Where are red blood cells made?
red bone marrow
Type A Blood
red blood cells have surface antigen A
- plasma has anti-B antibodies
Type B Blood
red blood cells have surface antigen B
- plasma has anti-A antibodies
Type AB Blood
red blood cells have A and B surface antigens
- plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Type O Blood
red blood cells do not have either A or B surface antigens
- has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Antigens are on our _________, and antibodies that cannot bind with antigens are produced by the __________
red blood cells ; white blood cells
If a person receives a blood transfusion that is incompatible, antibodies bind t the surface antigen of the transfused erythrocytes and clumps of erythrocytes bind together. What is this called?
agglutination
What are the effects of agglutination?
blocked blood vessels
organ damage
What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type A blood?
type A, type O
What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type B blood?
type B, type O
What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type AB blood?
type A, type B, type AB, type O
- universal recipient
What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type O blood?
type O
- universal donor, but can only receive its only blood type
Rh Antigen (Surface Antigen D)
common surface antigen on red blood cells
How do you begin to produce Rh bodies?
if you are Rh- and are then exposed to Rh+ blood
Does an Rh+ person produce Rh antibodies?
no
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- help initiate an immune response to defend against pathogens
- have a nucleus and organelles
- able to move out of blood vessels and into tissue via diapedesis
Leukocytes are divided into what two groups?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes
have granules in their cytoplasm
What are the three types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
BEN
Neutrophil
- have multi-lobed nuclei (as many as 5 lobes)
- has cytoplasm with pale-colored granules
- leave blood vessels and enter tissue spaces where they phagocytize infectious pathogens (esp. BACTERIA)
Eosinophil
- have bi-lobed nuclei
- has reddish-orange granules
- phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
- release chemical mediators that attack parasitic worms
Basophil
- have bi-lobed nuclei
- has dark purple granules
- release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anti-coagulant) during an inflammatory or allergic reaction
Allergen
A type of antigen that produces and abnormally aggressive immune response
Agranulocytes
have such small granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible under the microscope
Lymphocytes
- found in lymph glands and organs with lymphatic tissue
- have darkly-stained round nuclei which fill up most of the cell
- thin rim of blue-gray cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
- attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
- coordinate immune cell activity and produce antibodies
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells
Monocytes
- have kidney shaped nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm
- exit blood vessels (becoming macrophages) and phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and cellular debris
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- irregular, membrane-found cellular fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
- parts of megakaryocytes pinch off and enter the blood stream as platelets
Where are megakaryocytes found?
red bone marrow
What do platelets do?
join with fibrin to form clots in response to damage
A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) makes one prone to…
bleeding
Hemopoiesis
- production of blood cells occurring in red bone marrow
Hematocytoblasts
- stem cells found in hemopoiesis
- can produce myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid Stem Cells
- produces blood cells other than the three lymphocytes, which are made by the lymphoid stem cells
Lymphoid Stem Cells
- gives rise to the three types of lymphocytes
Leukemia
- malignancy (cancer) in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow, marked by abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes (both in bone marrow ad in the blood). As the abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines decrease because the proliferating malignant cells overtake the bone marrow and leave no room for the normal cells
