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ANAT 3001 > Blood (For Exam 3) > Flashcards

Blood (For Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A

carries nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and signaling molecules (hormones) to and from the cells of the body

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2
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

55% of the blood in a centrifuge is…

A

plasma
- made of water, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), and other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products)

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4
Q

Less than 1% of the blood in a centrifuge is…

A

the buffy coat

- made of platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells)

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5
Q

44% of the blood in the centrifuge is…

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

- most dense component of blood

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6
Q

Formed Elements

A

includes the buffy coat, erythrocytes,and some proteins of the plasma

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7
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percentages of volume of all formed elements in the blood, which is attributed mainly by the percentages of volume of red blood cells

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8
Q

92% of the plasma is made of…

A

water

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9
Q

7% of plasma is made of…

A

proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

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10
Q

1% of plasma is made of…

A

other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products)

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11
Q

Albumin

A
  • the most abundant of the plasma proteins
  • help retain water in the blood
  • help transport hormones
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12
Q

Globulins

A
  • transport lipids

- immunoglobulins are produced by defense cells to help protect the body against pathogens that may cause disease

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

helps with clot formation

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14
Q

What do red blood cells lack?

A

nuclei and organelles

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15
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A

part of a red blood cell, binds oxygen and carbon dioxide

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17
Q

What is an important component of the hemoglobin molecule?

A

iron

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18
Q

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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19
Q

When the red blood cell is broken down in the liver, heme (hemoglobin-iron) is converted to what?

A

bilirubin, a component of bile

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20
Q

Iron is transported from the _____ to ________ for recycling.

A

liver ; bone marrow

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21
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

biconcave

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22
Q

Red blood cells function anaerobically meaning…

A

they do not use any of the oxygen they transport

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23
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

red bone marrow

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24
Q

Type A Blood

A

red blood cells have surface antigen A

- plasma has anti-B antibodies

25
Q

Type B Blood

A

red blood cells have surface antigen B

- plasma has anti-A antibodies

26
Q

Type AB Blood

A

red blood cells have A and B surface antigens

- plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

27
Q

Type O Blood

A

red blood cells do not have either A or B surface antigens

- has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

28
Q

Antigens are on our _________, and antibodies that cannot bind with antigens are produced by the __________

A

red blood cells ; white blood cells

29
Q

If a person receives a blood transfusion that is incompatible, antibodies bind t the surface antigen of the transfused erythrocytes and clumps of erythrocytes bind together. What is this called?

A

agglutination

30
Q

What are the effects of agglutination?

A

blocked blood vessels

organ damage

31
Q

What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type A blood?

A

type A, type O

32
Q

What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type B blood?

A

type B, type O

33
Q

What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type AB blood?

A

type A, type B, type AB, type O

- universal recipient

34
Q

What blood types can be transfused into a person with Type O blood?

A

type O

- universal donor, but can only receive its only blood type

35
Q

Rh Antigen (Surface Antigen D)

A

common surface antigen on red blood cells

36
Q

How do you begin to produce Rh bodies?

A

if you are Rh- and are then exposed to Rh+ blood

37
Q

Does an Rh+ person produce Rh antibodies?

A

no

38
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

A
  • help initiate an immune response to defend against pathogens
  • have a nucleus and organelles
  • able to move out of blood vessels and into tissue via diapedesis
39
Q

Leukocytes are divided into what two groups?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

40
Q

Granulocytes

A

have granules in their cytoplasm

41
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

BEN

42
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • have multi-lobed nuclei (as many as 5 lobes)
  • has cytoplasm with pale-colored granules
  • leave blood vessels and enter tissue spaces where they phagocytize infectious pathogens (esp. BACTERIA)
43
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • have bi-lobed nuclei
  • has reddish-orange granules
  • phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
  • release chemical mediators that attack parasitic worms
44
Q

Basophil

A
  • have bi-lobed nuclei
  • has dark purple granules
  • release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anti-coagulant) during an inflammatory or allergic reaction
45
Q

Allergen

A

A type of antigen that produces and abnormally aggressive immune response

46
Q

Agranulocytes

A

have such small granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible under the microscope

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • found in lymph glands and organs with lymphatic tissue
  • have darkly-stained round nuclei which fill up most of the cell
  • thin rim of blue-gray cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
  • attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
  • coordinate immune cell activity and produce antibodies
48
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells

49
Q

Monocytes

A
  • have kidney shaped nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm

- exit blood vessels (becoming macrophages) and phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and cellular debris

50
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • irregular, membrane-found cellular fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • parts of megakaryocytes pinch off and enter the blood stream as platelets
51
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found?

A

red bone marrow

52
Q

What do platelets do?

A

join with fibrin to form clots in response to damage

53
Q

A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) makes one prone to…

A

bleeding

54
Q

Hemopoiesis

A
  • production of blood cells occurring in red bone marrow
55
Q

Hematocytoblasts

A
  • stem cells found in hemopoiesis

- can produce myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

56
Q

Myeloid Stem Cells

A
  • produces blood cells other than the three lymphocytes, which are made by the lymphoid stem cells
57
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cells

A
  • gives rise to the three types of lymphocytes
58
Q

Leukemia

A
  • malignancy (cancer) in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow, marked by abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes (both in bone marrow ad in the blood). As the abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines decrease because the proliferating malignant cells overtake the bone marrow and leave no room for the normal cells

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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