Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 3001 > For Exam #2 > Flashcards

For Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can structurally be divided into what two categories?

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures are in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord (protected by cranium, vertebral canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures are in the PNS?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The nervous system can be functionally divided into what three categories?

A

sensory, motor, and integration components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the sensory component do?

A

carries sensation to the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the motor component do?

A

delivers impulses to muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the integration center do?

A

helps to process sensory input and organize motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The sensory system is divided into what two systems?

A

somatic sensory system and visceral sensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the somatic sensory part of the nervous system do?

A

carries sensory information we are generally aware of (such as touch from the skin, vision, hearing, smells, and taste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the visceral sensory part of the nervous system do?

A

carries sensory information we are generally not aware of (such as amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood or the make-up of food traveling through the digestive tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the somatic motor part of the nervous system do?

A

delivers impulses to skeletal muscles, which we generally control voluntarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the visceral motor (autonomic) part of the nervous system do?

A

delivers impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands, which are generally controlled automatically (without conscious effort)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Characteristics of a Neuron

A
  • high metabolic activity requiring constant supply of glucose and oxygen
  • not capable of cell division (nonmitotic)
  • cell body is control center of cell and contains the nucleus
  • prominent nucleolus indicative of high metabolic activity
  • large number of mitochondria to produce ATP for energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

carry impulses to cell bodoy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the axonal process do?

A

carries impulse away from cell body

- often myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

where the cell body tapers down to the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are telodendria?

A

branches at the terminal end of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are on the ends of telodendria?

A

synaptic knobs that can release neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons
interneurons
glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three structural classification of neurons?

A

bipolar neurons
unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons
multipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A
  • have one dendritic process and one axonal process

- found in retina of eye (vision) and olfactory epithelium of nose (smell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neurons

A
  • dendritic and axonal processes fuse to form a single process, but still functionally separate
  • carry sensation from the SKIN
  • dendritic branches have specialized sensory receptors for touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature
  • cell bodies located outside the CNS
  • axonal processes enter spinal cord posteriorly
  • collection of cell bodies is called a ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A
  • have a single axon and multiple dendritic processes
  • function as motor neurons and interneurons
  • can have sparsely-branched or extensively-branched dendritic arbors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

A

sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sensory Neurons (AKA afferents)

A
  • carry sensation from the skin to the CNS
  • are unipolar
  • their cell bodies form ganglia
  • axonal processes enter the brain or spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Motor Neurons (AKA efferents)

A
  • deliver impulses (motor commands) to muscles and glands
  • multipolar
  • cell bodies are in the spinal cord (in ventral horns) and their axons project out to their targets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Interneurons (AKA association neurons)

A
  • multipolar and entirely located within the CNS, specifically within the gray matter of the spinal cord
  • receive information from sensory neurons and “decide” what to do with it
  • may decide to send information up to the cerebral cortex for awareness
  • may decide to send the information to motor neurons in anterior horn for motor response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Glial Cells (AKA neuroglia = nerve glue)

A
  • provide a wide range of supportive functions in the CNS and PNS (protect, nourihs, and provide supporting networks for neurons)
  • smaller and more numerous than neurons
  • do not conduct impulses
  • capable of cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the four types of glial cells in the CNS?

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two types of glial cells in the PNS?

A

satellite cells

neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • have processes which extend to neurons and capillaries
  • help regulate what leaves the capillaries and enters the interstitial space (around the neurons)
  • part of the blood brain barrier
  • fill in space left by dead cells to maintain structural integrity of CNS
  • release small “bursts” of calcium to influence neuronal activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

a modification of capillaries in the brain which protects the nervous tissue from substances that could adversely affect brain function
- consists of specializations of the capillaries (tight junctions and continuous basement membrane) and the perivascular feet of astrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What kinds of substances can diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?

A

lipid-soluble compounds such as alcohol, nicotine, and some anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • have somewhat cuboidal shape with cilia
  • join capillaries to form choroid plexus (found in ventricles of brain, produces cerebrospinal fluid [CSF])
  • the cilia of the ependymal cells help circulate CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

provide nourishment and protection for CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Microglia

A
  • especially small

- wander through the CNS and clean up debris from dead cells via phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • have multiple projections that project out to nearby axons
  • the projections wrap around regions of axons to produce myelin
  • myelin increases conduction velocity in neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

- responsible for saltatory conduction (jumping) in axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the only place where reversal of polarity occurs in an axon?

A

in the nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why is it desirable to insulate some neurons?

A

insulating them increases the speed that the impulse can travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • located around unipolar cell bodies of dorsal root ganglia
  • help deliver nutrients and remove waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)

A
  • myelinate neuronal processes (motor and sensory) in peripheral nerves
  • each neurolemmocyte attaches to a segment of a neuronal process and wraps its cell membrane around it to form myelin
  • assists with nerve regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Endoneurium

A

the connective tissue around a single axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Perineurium

A

the connective tissue around a bundle of axons (fascicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Epineurium

A

the connective tissue around a peripheral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When a peripheral nerve is cut, what ends of the nerve processes (both sensory and motor) degenerate?

A

the distal ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

During nerve regeneration, what happens to the ends of the processes still attached to the cell bodies?

A

they seal off and swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

During nerve regeneration, the neurolemmocytes for a regenerate rube and secrete what?

A

nerve growth factor (NGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does nerve growth factor (NGF) do in nerve regeneration?

A

signals the end of the neuronal process to sprout and extend down the regeneration tube to the muscle or skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Why is regeneration less likely to occur in the CNS?

A
  • neurons are more tightly packed
  • no neurolemmocytes (and therefore no NGF)
  • astrocytes tend to fill in the space left by the degenerated neuronal processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What three things does successful regeneration depend on?

A
  1. amount of damage
  2. secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by neurolemmocytes
  3. distance between damaged axons and target organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

An impulse travels down an axon and its terminal branches as a result of _____ entering the cells and reversing the relative polarity across the cell membrane

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • link between the brain and the rest of the body

- protected by vertebral canal and meninges (pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is located in the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What defines the segments of the spinal cord?

A

attachment of a pair of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How many cervical segments in the spinal cord?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How many thoracic segments in the spinal cord?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How many lumbar segments in the spinal cord?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How many sacral segments in the spinal cord?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which spinal cord regions are enlarged for the extremities?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

at the L1 level of the vertebral column as conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Meaning horse tail; a collection of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Gray matter is on the ____ of the spinal cord while white matter is on the _____.

A

inside ; outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Central processes of sensory neurons enter the…

A

posterior (dorsal) horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The posterior root ganglia are made of…

A

sensory (unipolar) neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where are the cell bodies of interneurons located?

A

posterior (dorsal) horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the…

A

anterior (ventral) horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The axons of motor neurons leave the spinal cord ____, forming ________.

A

anteriorly ; anterior roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Anterior and posterior roots join to form what?

A

a spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Spinal nerves divide into….

A

posterior and anterior rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Posterior Rami

A

Deliver motor fibers to skeletal muscles along vertebral column and carry sensation from overlying skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Anterior Rami

A

Deliver motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the body wall and extremities, as well as carry sensation from skin of body wall and extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

joining of anterior rami to form nerves comprised of more than one level of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Where are nerve plexuses found and why?

A

The upper and lower extremities, because they perform complex, graded functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are the two largest nerve plexuses?

A

brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

delivers motor to, and sensory from, the upper extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

delivers motor to, and sensory from, the lower extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Where is the brachial plexus?

A

it extendsf rom the lower neck, between the clavicle and 1st rib, and then into the axilla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does the brachial plexus do?

A

Innervates the skeletal muscles of the upper extremity and carries sensation from the skin of the upper extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Anterior rami of C5 and C6 join to form…

A

the superior trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Anterior rami of C8 and T1 join to form…

A

the inferior trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Anterior ramus of C7 forms…

A

the middle trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

The posterior branches of all 3 brachial plexus trunks form…

A

the posterior cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The anterior branches of the superior and middle brachial plexus trunks form…

A

the lateral cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

The anterior branch of the brachial plexus’s inferior trunk forms…

A

the medial cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The posterior cord gives rise to what nerves?

A

radial and axillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

The lateral cord gives rise to…

A

the musculocutaneous nerve and part of the median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

The medial cord gives rise to the…

A

ulnar nerve and part of the medial nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Axillary Nerve

A
  • spinal cord levels C5 and C6

- motor signals to deltoid and teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Main Function of Axillary Nerve

A

abduction and external rotation of the arm

responsible for sensation from skin of lateral shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Musculoskeletal Nerve

A
  • spinal cord levels C5-C7

- motor signal to biceps brachii, corachobracialis, and brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Main Function of Musculoskeletal

A

flexion at the elbow

sensation of skin of lateral forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Radial Nerve

A
  • spinal cord levels C5-T1
  • motor signals to triceps, anconeous, brachioradialis, extensory carpi ulnaris, supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensory pollicis longus, and extensory indicis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Main Function of Radial Nerve

A

extension at the elbow, wrist and fingers

sensation from skin of posterior arm, forearm, and hand

97
Q

Median Nerve

A
  • spinal cord levels C6-T1
  • motor signals to pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus (1/2), pronator quadratus, thenar muscles, and 2 lumbricals
98
Q

Main Functions of Median Nerve

A

flexion at wrist and fingers, pronation

sensation from skin of lateral palm, thumb, index finger, middle finger, and 1/2 of ring finger

99
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A
  • spinal cord levels C8-T1
  • motor singals to flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (1/2), hypothenar muscles, intercossei and 2 lumbricals
100
Q

Main Functions of Ulnar Nerve

A

abduction and adduction of fingers

sensation from skin of medial palm, little finger, and 1/2 of ring finger

101
Q

What are the smaller branches of the brachial plexus?

A 
long thoracic nerve
suprascapular nerve
upper subscapular nerve
middle subscapular nerve
lower subscapular nerve
102
Q

Long Thoracic Nerve

A

from nerve roots to the serratus anterior

stabilizes scapula, responsible for upward rotation of scapula

103
Q

Suprascapular Nerve

A

to supraspinatus and infraspinatus for abduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder, respectively

104
Q

Upper Subscapular Nerve

A

to subscapularis for internal rotation at shoulder

105
Q

Middle Subscapular (Thoracodorsal) Nerve

A

to latissimus dorsi for adduciton, extnesion, and medial rotation of arm (at shoulder)

106
Q

Lower Subscapular Nerve

A

to subscapularis (for medial rotation at shoulder) and teres major (for adduction, extension, and medial rotation at shoulder)

107
Q

What nerves are in the lumbosacral plexus?

A

femoral nerve
obturator nerve
iliohypogastricnerve
ilioinguinal nerve

108
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

spinal cord levels: L2-L4

motor to flexor iliopsoas and quadriceps

109
Q

Main Function of Femoral Nerve

A

flex the hip, extend the leg

110
Q

Where does the femoral nerve get sensation?

A

skin of anterior thigh, medial leg

111
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

spinal cord levels: L2-L4

motor to adductor adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis

112
Q

Main Function of Obturator Nerve

A

adduct the thigh

113
Q

Where does the obturator nerve get sensations?

A

from skin of superior-medial thigh

114
Q

Tibial nerve is formed by…

A

anterior branches of L4-S3

115
Q

The common fibular nerve is formed by…

A

posterior branches of L4-S2

116
Q

The superior gluteal nerve is formed by…

A

posterior branches of L4, L5, and S1

117
Q

The inferior gluteal nerve is formed by…

A

posterior branches of L5, S1, and S2

118
Q

What is the superior gluteal nerve a motor to?

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

119
Q

Main Function of Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

abduction and medial rotation at the hip

120
Q

What is the inferior gluteal nerve a motor to?

A

gluteus maximus

121
Q

Main Functions of Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

extension and lateral rotation at the hip

122
Q

What is the tibial nerve a motor to?

A

long head of biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, fastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and muscles of the foot.

123
Q

Main Function of Tibial Nerve

A

extend the thigh, flex the leg, plantarflex the foot and flex the toe

124
Q

Where does the tibial nerve get sensations?

A

skin of sole of the foot

125
Q

What is the common fibular (peroneal) nerve a motor to?

A

to short head of biceps femoris- helps to flex the leg

126
Q

What is the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve a motor to?

A

fibularis (peroneous) longus and brevis

127
Q

Main Function of Superficial Fibular Nerve

A

evert foot

128
Q

Where does the superficial fibular nerve get sensations?

A

skin of dorsal foot except between first two toes

129
Q

What is the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve a motor to?

A

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus

130
Q

Main Function of Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

A

dorsiflex and invert the foot, extend the toes

131
Q

Where does the deep fibular nerve receive sensations?

A

from skin of between first two toes

132
Q

The common fibular nerve divides into what?

A

the superficial fibular nerve (goes to lateral compartment) and the deep fibular nerve (goes to anterior compartment)

133
Q

Reflex

A

Type of motor response that occurs as the result of some type of sensory stimuli that takes place without conscious control.

134
Q

Monosynaptic (Stretch) Reflex

A
  • simplest type of reflex
  • quick stretch to a skeletal muscle tendon
  • involves a sensory neuron synapsing directly on a motor neuron, and the motor (efferent) neuron causes the muscle that was stretched to contract
135
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A
  • involves 3 neurons in series
  • the sensory (afferent) neuron carries painful stimulus from skin to spinal cord, synapsing with several interneurons in the posterior horn, who then recruit several muscles in order to remove skin from the stimulus
136
Q

What type of reflex is being test when your physician taps you on the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer and your leg kicks?

A

Monosynaptic

137
Q

What type of reflex is responsible for quickly removing your hand when you accidentally touch a hot stove?

A

Polysynaptic

138
Q

The nervous system begins development as a…

A

neural tube

139
Q

At the 4th week of development, the cranial end of the neural tub develops 3 dilations, or primary vesicles, called:

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

140
Q

At the 5th week, the primary vesicles further specialize into secondary vesicles:

A

prosencephalon → telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon stays the same
rhombencephalon → metencephalon and myelencephalon

141
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to what completed structure?

A

midbrain

142
Q

The prosencephalon and its secondary vesicles give rise to what completed structures?

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

143
Q

The rhomencephlon and its secondary vesicles give rise to what completed features?

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

144
Q

In the brain, the front of the brain is called the ____ part.

A

anterior

145
Q

In the brain, the back of the brain is called the ____ part.

A

posterior

146
Q

In the brain, the superior part of the brain is called the _____ part.

A

dorsal

147
Q

In the brain, the inferior part of the brain is called the ______ part.

A

ventral

148
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates left and right hemispheres of brain

149
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A
  • location of conscious thought and complex intellectual function
  • allows us to comprehend the world around us
  • house the centers of reasoning as well as memories
  • allow us to be aware of sensory input and initiate motor activity
150
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura matter separates from the periosteal layer to form what structures?

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli

151
Q

The cavernous sinuses receive blood from the…

A

opthalmic veins in the orbit

152
Q

The sigmoid sinus drains into the…

A

internal jugular vein

153
Q

What sinus carries blood from the front of the brain to the back of the brain?

A

the superior sagittal sinus

154
Q

Many veins empty into the…

A

confluence of sinuses

155
Q

Ventricles are responsible for…

A

production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

156
Q

What is the flow of CSF in the brain?

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. 3rd ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle
  4. subarachnoid space, some goes to central canal
157
Q

What specifically within the ventricles creates CSF?

A

the choroid plexus (type of capillary)

158
Q

What cells are in the choroid plexus that allow it to create CSF?

A

ependymal cells

159
Q

Purpose of the CSF

A

nourishment for the brain, shock absorbent

160
Q

Interventricular Foramina

A

connections between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle

161
Q

Mesencephalic aqueduct

A

connection (through midbrain) between 3rd and 4th ventricle

162
Q

Central Canal

A

narrow canal through center of

163
Q

Apertures

A

Openings in 4th ventricle that allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space

164
Q

Where does the CSF return to the blood?

A

superior sagittal sinus

165
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Brain swells d/t build up of pressure within, and the enlargement of, ventricles. Caused by congenitally malformed ventricular system, blockage of a passageway, or defective drainage through arachnoid villi

166
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

one-way valves that project from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus, allowing CSF to enter sinus, keeping blood out

167
Q

Fissure

A

long groove or crease

168
Q

What are the major lobes of the brain?

A 
frotal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
169
Q

Central Sulcus

A

between frontal and parietal lobes

170
Q

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

A

between parietal and occipital lobes

171
Q

Lateral fissure

A

defines temporal lobe

172
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

skeletal muscle activity on the opposite side of the body

173
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

precentral gyrus

174
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

causes groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence (which becomes more efficient with practice)

175
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

connect the two hemispheres of the brain

- corpus callosum

176
Q

Which hemisphere is Broca’s area in?

A

left side, in premotor area

177
Q

What does the Broca’s area do?

A

ability to speak and write so others can understand

178
Q

What does the frontal eye field do?

A

regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision

179
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

postcentral gyrus

180
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

receives sensation from the skin on the opposite side of the body

181
Q

What does the somatosensory association cortex do?

A

integrates the qualities of the sensory information coming into the primary somatosensory cortex in order to identify everyday objects without having to look at them

182
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

A

process incoming visual information

183
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

184
Q

What does the visual association cortex do?

A

takes the visual information entering the primary visual cortex and allows us to recognize what an object is (or what it represents)

185
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

186
Q

What does the primary olfactory cortex do?

A

provides for conscious awareness of smells

187
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

188
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

receives and processes auditory information

189
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex?

A

in the insula

190
Q

What does the primary gustatory cortex do?

A

processes taste information

191
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

left hemisphere

192
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

involved in understanding written and spoken language
- has gnostic area that is responsible for integrating all sensory information in order to provide context to your environment

193
Q

What is included in the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
amygdaloid body
mammillary bodies

194
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

lateral aspects of the hemispheres

195
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

process and experience emotions (and memories tied to emotions)

196
Q

What are the higher order functions of the brain?

A

learning
memory
reasoning
consciousness

197
Q

The left side of the brain tends to handle…

A

language, math, and reasoning

198
Q

The right side of the brain tends to handle…

A

imagination, artistic ability, and insight

199
Q

Where do higher order functions of the brain occur?

A

cerebral cortex

200
Q

Projection Tracts

A

link the hemispheres within the brainstem and spinal cord

201
Q

What is included in the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

202
Q

The diencephalon forms the walls of what?

A

the third ventricle

203
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

receives, filters, and relays somatosensory information to cerebral cortex (except smells)

204
Q

What are some functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • master controller of autonomic nervous system
  • master controller of endocrine system
  • regulates food and water intake
  • has connection with limbic system to control emotions
  • directs the pineal gland when to secrete melatonin
205
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

houses pineal gland to secrete the hormone melatonin to regulate one’s sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

206
Q

What does the brainstem include?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

207
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

208
Q

What runs through the midbrain?

A

cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct

209
Q

What are the “pillars” in the front of the midbrain called?

A

cerebral peduncles

210
Q

The midbrain has substantia nigra, which contain what?

A

neurons which contain melanin granules and produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

211
Q

What disease is associated with the degeneration of the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s

212
Q

What do the superior colliculi of the midbrain do?

A

visually track moving objects

213
Q

What do the inferior colliculi of the midbrain do?

A

orient our sense to sound

214
Q

Both the pons and the medulla oblongata control what?

A

respiratory center

215
Q

In addition to the respiratory center, the medulla also controls what?

A

the cardiac center that controls heart’s rate and force of contraction

216
Q

Instead of gyri, the cerebellum has folds called…

A

folia

217
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  • refine skeletal muscle movements so the motion is smooth and coordinated
  • receives proprioceptive input from skeletal muscles to be aware of the position of the body parts (without having to see them)
218
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated, jerky movements due to impaired cerebellar function

219
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

220
Q

Cranial nerves are part of what nervous system?

A

peripheral nervous system

221
Q

Most cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, but the first two pairs originate from…

A

the prosencephalon

222
Q

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

A
  • sensory only
  • exits skull through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
  • carries sense of smell from nasal cavity to temporal lobe
223
Q

Optic Nerve (CN II)

A
  • sensory only
  • exits skull through optic canals
  • carries visual information from retina to thalamus
224
Q

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

A
  • motor only
  • exits skull through superior orbital fissure
  • innervates EYE MUSCLES: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris with somatic motor fibers
  • innervates smooth muscle of pupil and lens with parasympathetic fibers
225
Q

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

A
  • motor only
  • exits skull through superior orbital fissure
  • innervates superior oblique eye muscle with somatic motor fibers
226
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A
  • ophthalmic division (V1)
  • maxillary division (V2)
  • mandibular division (V3)
227
Q

Ophthalmic Division (V1)

A
  • sensory only
  • exits skull through superior orbital fissure
  • carries sensation from face, cornea, and sinuses
228
Q

The superior oblique of the eye is innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

CN IV

229
Q

The lateral rectus of the eye is innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

CN VI

230
Q

With the exception of the superior oblique and lateral rectus, the orbit is innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

CN III

231
Q

Maxillary Division (V2)

A
  • sensory only
  • exits skull through foramen rotundum
  • carries sensation from face, nasal cavity, upper teeth, palate, and sinuses
232
Q

Mandibular Division (V3)

A
  • sensory and motor
  • exits skull through foramen ovale
  • carries sensation from face, lower teeth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • innervates muscles of mastication with somatic nerve fibers
233
Q

Abducens Nerve (CN VI)

A
  • motor only
  • exits skull through superior orbital fissure
  • innervates lateral rectus with somatic motor fibers
234
Q

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

A
  • sensory and motor
  • exits skull through internal auditory meatus
  • innervates muscles of facial expression with somatic motor fibers
  • carries taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • innervates lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland with parasympathetic fibers
235
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

A
  • sensory only
  • exits skull through internal auditory meatus
  • carries hearing and balance from inner ear
236
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

A
  • sensory and motor
  • exits skull through jugular foramen
  • carries general sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • carries taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • innervates parotid glands with parasympathetic fibers
237
Q

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A
  • sensory and motor
  • exits skull through jugular foramen
  • innervates muscles of pharynx and larynx with somatic motor fibers (for swallowing and talking)
  • innervates thoracic and abdominal organs with parasympathetic fibers
  • carries sensation from heart, lungs, and abdominal organs
238
Q

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

A
  • motor only
  • exits skull through jugular foramen
  • innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius with somatic motor fibers
239
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

A
  • motor only
  • exits skull through hypoglossal foramen
  • innervates muscles of tongue with somatic muscle fibers

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions