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ANAT 3001 > Lymphatic System (For Exam #3) > Flashcards

Lymphatic System (For Exam #3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

move lymph and help the body fight infection

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2
Q

How many liters of fluid per day do not make its way back into venous return?

A

3 L

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3
Q

Lymph vessels _________ excess fluid and return it to venous circulation.

A

reabsorb

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4
Q

Edema is the result of poor…

A

reabsorption of fluid

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5
Q

Lymph vessels around the GI tract also transport ________ through lacteals.

A

dietary lipids

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6
Q

Lymphatic capillaries _______ fluid with one-way valve system formed by overlapping cells.

A

“trap”

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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form…

A

lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

A
  • have 3 tunics (intima, media, externa)

- have valves to prevent backflow

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9
Q

_______ lymphatic vessels bring lymph to a node (which filters lymph) and _______ vessels carry it away

A

afferent ; efferent

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10
Q

What is included in lymph?

A

interstitial fluid, solutes, dietary lipids

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11
Q

Lymph vessels can be found anywhere except…

A

bone
bone marrow
teeth
central nervous system

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12
Q

Lymphatic trunks form from….

A

merging lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What do lymphatic trunks do?

A

drain lymph from major regions of the body

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14
Q

Jugular trunks drain lymph from…

A

head and neck

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15
Q

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from…

A

upper extremities
breasts
thoracic wall

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16
Q

Bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from…

A

deep thoracic structures

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17
Q

The intestinal trunk drains lymph from…

A

most abdominal structures

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18
Q

Lumbar trunks drain lymph from…

A

lower extremities and pelvis

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19
Q

Absorption of fat makes the lymph what color?

A

milky white (is originally clear)

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20
Q

What are the largest of the lymphatic vessels?

A

the lymphatic ducts

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21
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the…

A

right upper extremity
right side of head
neck
thorax

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22
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from…

A 
abdomen
pelvis
lower extremities
left upper extremity
left side of head and neck
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23
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

at the junction of the right subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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24
Q

Where does the throacic duct empty?

A

at the junction of the left suclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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25
Q

Cysterna Chyli

A

saclike structure that receives a milky lymphatic fluid (chyle) from the small intestine
- is continuous superiorly with the thoracic duct; is the origin of the thoracic duct

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26
Q

Where are lymphatic cells found?

A

lymphatic system

cardiovascular system

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27
Q

Function of the lymphatic cells

A

elicit an immune response

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28
Q

Macrophages

A

monocytes that have migratedinto the lymphatic system from bloodstream
- responsible for phagocytosis of foreign substances

29
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • located in lymphatic nodules (cluster of lymphatic cells)

- internalize antigens from lymph and present them to other lymphatic cells

30
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • most abundant cells in the lymphatic system

- 3 types: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells

31
Q

T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells)

A
  • account for 70-85% of all lymphocytes
  • have surface receptors for specific antigens
  • main types are helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and memory T-lymphocytes
32
Q

Helper T-Lymphocytes

A
  • needed to being a defense against an antigen
  • contain the CD4 coreceptor (CD4+cells, or T4 cells)
  • each helper T-lymphocyte is activated by one type of antigen (virus, bacterium, etc.)
  • release cytokines to activate other lymphatic cells
33
Q

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

A
  • contain the CD8 receptor (CD8+ cells, or T8 cells)
  • come in direct contact with infected or foreign cells and kill them
  • responds to specific antigen
34
Q

Memory T-Lymphocytes

A
  • arise form T-lymphocytes that have encountered a foreign antigen
  • provide augmented response to exposure to the specific antigen
35
Q

B-Lymphocytes

A
  • account for 15-30% of all lymphocytes
  • have surface receptors for specific antigens
  • activated by helper T-lymphocyte, they divide and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes
  • plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins, or antibodies, which attach to antigens
  • antibody-antigen complexes are then eliminated
  • memory B-lymphocytes provide enhanced response to subsequent exposure to antigen
36
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A
  • make up remaining percentage of lymphocytes

- can kill a wide variety of infected cells

37
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A
  • the process of lymphocyte development and maturation

- all lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow, but their maturation sites differ

38
Q

Lymphatic Nodules

A
  • clusters of lymphatic cells (B-cells, T-cells, macrophages)
  • filter and attack antigens
39
Q

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

A

large collections of lymphatic nodules in the mucosa of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

40
Q

Tonsils

A

large clusters of lymphatic cells surrounded by connective tissue capsule
- palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual

41
Q

What are the lymphatic organs?

A

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

42
Q

What are lymphatic organs?

A

lymphatic cells within an extracellular connective tissue matrix, completely surrounded by connective tissue capsule

43
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells differentiate and mature?

A

red bone marrow

44
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes differentiate and mature?

A

thymus

- occurs during childhood

45
Q

What part of the thymus contains immature T-lymphocytes, nurse cells, and macrophages?

A

cortex

46
Q

What part of the thymus contains mature T-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells?

A

medulla

47
Q

Thymic Corpuscles

A

areas of degenerated nurse cells in the medulla

48
Q

Is the thymus usually present in adults?

A

no

49
Q

Lymph nodes are found along…

A

lymph vessels

50
Q

Spleen

A
  • largest lymphoid organ in the body
  • surrounded by a capsule
  • divided into red and white pulp
51
Q

White Pulp

A

circular clusters of lymphatic cells

- monitor BLOOD for foreign materials, bacteria, and other antigens

52
Q

Red Pulp

A

contains extra supply of erythrocytes and platelets in case they are needed for the body

53
Q

Lymphedema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
- can be due to lack of venous return due to varicose veins, DVT, or blockage/surgical removal of lymph collecting vessels

54
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • immunosurveillance (white pulp)

- red blood cell inspection (red pulp)

55
Q

What do the epithelial reticular cells in the thymus do?

A
  • isolate capillaries in the thymus to form a blood-thymus barrier that protects developing T-cells from premature stimulation by antigens
  • produce thymic hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin)
  • destroys T-cells that recognize self
56
Q

Where are palatine tonsils?

A

lateral sides on the pharyngeal wall

- they are the largest and most likely to be removed in childhood due to infection

57
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils?

A

posterior surface of the tongue

58
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?

A

on the pharyngeal roof

59
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils?

A

just behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tubes into the pharynx

60
Q

Primary Immune Response

A
  • mediated by both T-cells and B-cells
  • activation is relatively slow
  • when activated, T and B-cells proliferate, mature, and function as effector cells, then die
  • some activated cells remain as memory cells
61
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

subsequent challenge by the same antigen results in a quicker and more robust (stronger) response
- speed and strength is due to memory cells

62
Q

What cells are affected by HIV/AIDS?

A

the helper cells
- prevents body from triggering an immune response since body cannot regulate population of B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

63
Q

What is the purpose of the thorax?

A

protect thoracic viscera

64
Q

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

A

sternum
12 thoracic vertebrae
12 ribs (7 true, 5 false)

65
Q

What is contained in the thorax?

A 
lungs
heart
great vessels
esophagus
inferior vena cava
descending aorta
vagus and phrenic nerves
66
Q

Where does the descending aorta pass through the thorax?

A

behind the diaphragm at level T12

67
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the thorax?

A

T10

68
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava pass through the thorax?

A

T8

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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