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ANAT 3001 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the digestive system include..

A
  • ingesting food
  • transporting food
  • breaking food into smaller absorbable components
  • secretion of waste products
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2
Q

The digestive system includes what two parts?

A

alimentary canal

accessory organs

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3
Q

From mouth to anus, the tubular alimentary canal (or digestive tract) exhibits _______ and _________ muscles to keep food moving in one direction

A

circular and longitudinal

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4
Q

The coordinated, rhythmic contractions of the gastrointestinal tract is called…

A

peristalsis

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5
Q

Food is broken down…

A

mechanically and chemically (with enzymes)

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6
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

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7
Q

What are the primary muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis
masseter
pterygoids

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8
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle originate?

A

lateral skull

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9
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle insert?

A

coronoid process of mandible

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10
Q

Function of the temporalis

A

elevates mandible

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11
Q

Where does the masseter muscle originate?

A

zygomatic arch

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12
Q

Where does the masseter insert?

A

lateral surface of mandible and angle

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13
Q

Function of the masseter

A

elevates mandible

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14
Q

Where do the medial and lateral pterygoids originate?

A

lateral pterygoid plate of pterygoid process

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15
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid insert?

A

disc of temporomandibular joint

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16
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid insert?

A

angle of mandible

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17
Q

Function of the pterygoid muscles

A

move mandible side-to-side for grinding

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18
Q

The muscles of mastication are innervated by…

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)

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19
Q

The oral cavity is the space…

A

inside the dental arches

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20
Q

The space between the dental arches and lips/cheeks is called the…

A

vestibule

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21
Q

What forms the roof of the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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22
Q

The hard palate is formed by…

A

maxillary and palatine bones

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23
Q

The soft palate is…

A

fibromuscular

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24
Q

Function of the uvula

A

seals off nasopharynx during swallowing

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25
Q

Which muscles help move food to the pharynx with swallowing and form a “bed” for the palatine tonsil?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous

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26
Q

Superior Labial Frenulum

A

mucosal fold connected to upper lip

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27
Q

Inferior Labial Frenulum

A

mucosal fold connected to lower lip

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28
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

mucosal fold connected to inferior surface of tongue

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29
Q

The tongue is convered by mucous membranes with specialized features called…

A

papillae

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30
Q

Which part of the tongue has lingual tonsil?

A

posterior 1/3

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31
Q

General sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried by which nerve?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)

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32
Q

Taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by which nerve?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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33
Q

General sensation and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is carried by…

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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34
Q

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by…

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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35
Q

Saliva assists with…

A

initial activities of digestion

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36
Q

What is the volume of daily secreted saliva estimated to be?

A

1-1.5 L

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37
Q

What percentage of saliva is water?

A

99.5%

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38
Q

What enzyme in saliva begins to break down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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39
Q

Saliva also contains…

A

antibodies and antibacterial substances

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40
Q

Parotid Glands

A
  • largest of the salivary glands

- near angle of mandible

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41
Q

Function of parotid glands

A

transport saliva to oral cavity by parotid duct

- produces 25-30% of saliva

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42
Q

Where do the parotid glands get their parasympathetic innervation?

A

from glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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43
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

located in upper neck, under body of mandible

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44
Q

Function of submandibular glands

A

transport saliva to oral cavity by submandibular duct

- produces 60-70% of saliva

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45
Q

Where do the submandibular glands get their parasympathetic innervation?

A

from facial nerve (CN VII)

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46
Q

Sublingual Glands

A
  • located under the tongue in floor of oral cavity
  • has multiple sublingual ducts under tongue
  • produces 3-5% of saliva
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47
Q

Where do the sublingual glands get their parasympathetic innervation?

A

from facial nerve (CN VII)

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48
Q

Salivary glands have cells that produce…

A

mucus and serous fluid

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49
Q

Esophagus location

A

descends along posterior thorax

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50
Q

Function of Esophagus

A

transports food from pharynx to stomach

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51
Q

Does the esophagus absorb nutrients?

A

no

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52
Q

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the…

A

esophageal hiatus

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53
Q

Mucosa in the esophagus is composed of…

A

thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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54
Q

The submucosa of the esophagus has what kind of fibers to allow for distension during swallowing?

A

elastic fibers

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55
Q

The muscular layer of the esophagus has what components?

A

circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer)

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56
Q

Which part of the esophagus has voluntary skeletal muscle?

A

upper part

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57
Q

What part of the esophagus has involuntary smooth muscle?

A

lower part

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58
Q

The esophageal sphincter between the esophagus and stomach prevents…

A

movement of food from stomach into esophagus (if this happens, it is called reflux)

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59
Q

Cardia

A

entryway into stomach from esophagus

60
Q

Fundus

A

dome of the stomach

61
Q

Body (of the stomach)

A

large, middle region of stomach

62
Q

Pylorus

A

funnel-shaped end of stomach with pyloric sphincter to control food leaving stomach

63
Q

Lesser curvature (of the stomach)

A

small concavity of right side

64
Q

Greater curvature (of the stomach)

A

large convexity of left side

65
Q

Gastric Folds (rugae)

A

internal folds of stomach allowing for expansion

66
Q

The stomach is lined with…

A

simple columnar epithelium with surface mucous cells that secrete alkaline fluid

67
Q

Gastric pits receive secretions from…

A

gastric glands

68
Q

Chief cells of gastric glands

A

secrete pepsinogen (which break down protein) and gastric lipases

69
Q

Parietal cells of gastric glands

A

secrete intrinsic factor (binds vitamin B12) and hydrochloric acid

70
Q

Mucous neck cells of gastric glands

A

secrete acid fluid containing mucin

71
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of gastric glands

A

secrete gastrin into bloodstream to stimulate gastric secretions and muscle contractions

72
Q

The small intestine is approximately how many feet long?

A

20 feet

73
Q

Where are 90% of nutrients (and water) absorbed?

A

small intestine

74
Q

The small intestine consists of the…

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

75
Q

Duodenum

A
  • first part of small intestine
  • about 10 inches long
  • C-shaped and cradles the head of the pancreas
76
Q

The duodenum receives…

A

secretions (bile) from the liver and gallbladder, as well as digestive enzymes from the pancreas

77
Q

Jejunum

A
  • second part of the small intestine

- about 7.5 feet long

78
Q

The jejunum is the main region of the small intestine for…

A

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

79
Q

Ileum

A
  • 3rd and last part of the small intestine

- about 10 feet long

80
Q

The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, which controls…

A

movement of materials into large intestine

81
Q

In terms of histology, the small intestine has…

A

mucosa, muscular layer, and serosa (adventitia)

82
Q

In the small intestine, mucosa is thrown into…

A

circular folds

83
Q

Finger-like villi in the small intestine…

A

increase surface area for absorption and secretion

84
Q

The endothelium in the small intestine consists of…

A

simple columnar epithelia (with microvilli) and goblet cells

85
Q

The simple columnar epithelia cells, or enterocytes, of the small intestine do what?

A

absorb nutrients and water

86
Q

What is in the center of each villus in the small intestine?

A

capillary network and lacteal (lymphatic vessel)

87
Q

Intestinal glands contain…

A

unicellular gland cells and enteroendocrine cells

88
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete…

A

hormones, some of which slow down movement of food out of the sotmach

89
Q

Submucosal (Brunner) glands produce…

A

an alkaline mucus to protect the duodenum from acidic chyme

90
Q

The muscular layer of the small intestine consists of…

A

inner layer of circular muscle and outer layer of longitudinal muscle

91
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • commonly referred to as large bowel

- approximately 5 feet long

92
Q

Main function of large intestine

A

absorb water and ions from remaining digested material

93
Q

The large intestine consists of the…

A

cecum, ascending oclon, transverse colon descending colon, and sigmoid colon

94
Q

Cecum

A
  • first part of the large intestine

- pouch-like structure extending inferiorly from ileocecal valve

95
Q

What structure is attached to the cecum?

A

the appendix, which is a finger-like structure lined with lymphatic nodules

96
Q

Ascending Colon

A
  • second part of large intestine
  • ascends from cecum to the area of the liver
  • travels along right side of abdomen
  • transitions into the transverse colon at the right colic (hepatic) flexure
97
Q

Transverse Colon

A
  • third part of large intestine
  • originates at the right colic flexure and courses to the left, just inferior to the stomach
  • as it approaches the spleen, it makes a turn inferiorly at the left colic (splenic) flexure to become the descending colon
98
Q

Descending Colon

A
  • fourth part of the large intestine
  • descends along the left side of the abdomen from the left colic flexure to the ileum, where it transitions into te sigmoid colon
99
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A
  • S-shaped part of the large intestine
  • it courses over the iliac fossa on the left and descends into the pelvis and transitions into the rectum (the rectum then terminates at the anus)
100
Q

Teniae Coli

A

3 external longitudinal bands of smooth muscle visible throughout the length of the large intestine

101
Q

Function of teniae coli

A

help to shorten the large intestine during peristalsis

102
Q

The teniae coli muscles are shorter than the length of the large intestine, which causes the large intestine to form pouches called…

A

haustra

103
Q

Anus

A
  • terminal part of the large intestine

- has internal and external sphincter

104
Q

Internal Sphincter of Anus

A

made of smooth muscle, under the control of the autonomic nervous system

105
Q

External Sphincter of Anus

A

skeletal muscle, under the control of the somatic motor system

106
Q

The mucosa of the large intestine is lined with…

A

simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

107
Q

The simple columnar cells of the large intestine absorb…

A

water and nutrients

108
Q

Goblet cells of the large intestine secrete…

A

mucous to lubricate the undigested material

109
Q

Does the mucosa of the large intestine have villi?

A

no

110
Q

The submucosa of the large intestine containes…

A

many lymphatic nodules

111
Q

The large intestine’s muscular layer has..

A

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer (in the form of taniae coli)

112
Q

When the rectum is storing feces, the wall is ________ while the internal anal sphincter is _________; this is under the control of sympathetics

A

relaxed ; contracted

113
Q

When stool builds up in the rectum, _______ _________ send signals up to the defecation reflex center of the brain

A

stretch receptors

114
Q

The reflex center in the brain activates parasympathetics, which causes….

A

the internal anal sphincter to relax and the wall of the rectum to contract (DEFECATION REFLEX)

115
Q

To override the defecation reflex, the __________ ______ __________ must contract to hold feces until it is convenient to defecate.

A

external anal sphincter

116
Q

Polyps

A

outgrowths of the colon mucosa into the lumen

- can give rise to cancer

117
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thorax

118
Q

Diverticulosis

A

out-pocketing of the intestinal wall (usually the large intestine)

119
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

erosion of the lining of the stomach or duodenum

120
Q

The liver is located in which quadrant?

A

upper right quadrant of the abdomen

121
Q

The superior surface of the liver is fused to what?

A

the diaphragm

122
Q

The liver consists of how many lobes?

A

4

123
Q

What are the two major lobes of the liver?

A

right and left

124
Q

What are the two minor lobes of the liver?

A

caudate and quadrate

125
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue structure located between the right and left lobe that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligaments

126
Q

At the inferior aspect of the falciform ligament, there is a dense cord of tissue called the…

A

round ligament of the liver

127
Q

During fetal development, what was the round ligament?

A

a functional blood vessel (umbilical vein) that carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the heart

128
Q

The liver has many functions. What is an important one?

A

removes harmful substances from the substances being absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (in hepatic portal vein)

129
Q

The cells of the liver (hepatocytes) form…

A

wheel-like hepatic lobules - branches of the hepatic portal vein pass from the periphery to the center of the lobules, past the cells which detoxify the blood

130
Q

Another function of the liver is to produce ______ to break down fats in the digestive tract

A

bile

131
Q

Bile is transported to the duodenum by the…

A

bile duct

132
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

stores bile produced by the liver until needed by the digestive tract

133
Q

Why is the liver considered to be an exocrine gland?

A

it uses a duct to transport its secretions

134
Q

Liver secretes bile into the…

A

hepatic duct

135
Q

The gall bladder secretes bile into the…

A

cystic duct

136
Q

The hepatic duct and cystic ducts join to form the…

A

common bile duct

137
Q

The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to empty into the…

A

duodenum

138
Q

Why is the pancreas considered a mixed gland?

A

it has both exocrine and endocrine functions

139
Q

What does the exocrine part of the pancreas consist of and do?

A

consists of acinar cells which synthesize and secrete pancreatic juice to help with digestion

140
Q

What does pancreatic juice consist of?

A

mucin and digestive enzymes (transported by the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct)

141
Q

What does the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of and do?

A

consists of islet cells which produce insulin

142
Q

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called the…

A

peritoneum

- as the abdominal organs grow into the abdominal cavity, they acquire a covering of this peritoneum

143
Q

When peritoneum is found on the surface of an abdominal organ, it is called…

A

visceral peritoneum

144
Q

Where peritoneum is found on the inner wall of the abdominal cavity, it is called…

A

parietal peritoneum

145
Q

When the peritoneum sandwiches the neurovascular supply of “intraperitoneal” organs, it is called…

A

mesentery
- certain parts of the digestive tract (small intestine, transverse colon, sigmoid colon) grow into the abdominal cavity such that the peritoneum behind them “collapses” on the nerves and blood vessels traveling to them

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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