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ANAT 3001 > The Heart (For Exam 3) > Flashcards

The Heart (For Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae, which receive deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body?

A

the right atrium

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3
Q

The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the…

A

pulmonary trunk and arteries

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4
Q

The freshly-oxygenated blood is returned (from the lungs) to the heart by the _______, which empty into the _______.

A

pulmonary veins ; left atrium

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5
Q

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the upper and lower body (except for the lungs) through the…

A

aorta

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6
Q

What is included in the pulmonary circuit?

A

parts of the heart and the blood vessels that deliver the blood to the lungs and then returns into the heart (right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and left atrium)

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7
Q

What is included in the systemic circuit?

A

parts of the heart and blood vessels that deliver blood to the body (not including the lungs) and returns it to the heart (left ventricle, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium)

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8
Q

Vein

A

any vessel bringing blood to the heart

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9
Q

Artery

A

any vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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10
Q

What is in the thoracic cavity?

A

heart and lungs

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11
Q

Mediastinum

A

space between the lungs

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12
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

behind the sternum with its apex pointing to the left at the 5th intercostal space

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13
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface?

A

the part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm

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14
Q

What is the sternocostal surface?

A

the anterior surface of the heart

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15
Q

What parts of the heart are visible from an anterior view?

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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16
Q

What parts of the heart are visible from a posterior view?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

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17
Q

Pericardium

A

membranous sac enclosing the heart

  • outer layer is fibrous connective tissue, attached around the base of the great vessels
  • inner layer is lined with a serous membrane called parietal pericardium
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18
Q

Pericardial Space

A

space between the visceral and parietal pericardium

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19
Q

What are the “corners” of the heart?

A

L2
L5
R3
R4

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20
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

condition where excess fluid (such as blood) accumulates in the pericardial space and restrict filling of the chambers (and therefore ejection of blood from the heart)

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21
Q

Myocardium

A
  • muscle of the heart
  • thicker in ventricles than the atria
  • covering on the outside by epicardium (serous membrane) and inside by endocardium (endothelium and connective tissue)
  • rough appearance is ventricles is called trabeculae carneae
  • striated bands in atria called pectinate muscle
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22
Q

The superior and inferior vena cava…

A

return venous blood from the body (except for the lungs) to the right atrium

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23
Q

The pulmonary trunk…

A

delivers blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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24
Q

Four pulmonary veins carry blood from the ______ to the _____.

A

lungs ; left atrium

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25
Q

The aorta carries blood from the left ventricle to…

A

all of the tissues of the body (except for the lungs)

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26
Q

Do the atria contract at the same time?

A

yes

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27
Q

While the ventricles contract, the atria…

A

relax to refill

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28
Q

What makes up the cusps of the valves in the heart?

A

reflections of endocardium

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29
Q

Where are atrioventricular valves located?

A

between the atria and their respective ventricle

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30
Q

The right atrioventricular valve has ____ cusps and is called the _________ valve.

A

3 ; tricuspid

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31
Q

The left atrioventricular valve has ___ cusps and is called the ______ (or mitral) valve

A

2 ; bicuspid

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32
Q

As the ventricles contract, the increased pressure causes the flaps of the valves to…

A

close

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33
Q

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves have _______ attached to _______

A

chordae tendinae ; papillary muscles

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34
Q

The papillary muscles contract with the ventricular wall and pull the chordae tendinae taught to…

A

prevent the valve from prolapsing into the atrium

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35
Q

During contraction of the ventricles, blood is pumped into the…

A

pulmonary trunk and aorta

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36
Q

During relaxation of the ventricles, blood is…

A

prevented from returning to them by the semilunar valves

37
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

38
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

between the left ventricle and aorta

39
Q

What happens during ventricular contraction (systole)?

A

antrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open

40
Q

What happens during ventricular relaxation (diastole)?

A

atrioventricular valves open and semilunar valves close

41
Q

The right and left coronary artery arise from the base of the…

A

aorta, just above the aortic semilunar valve

42
Q

What does the right and left coronary artery do?

A

supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

43
Q

When do the right and left coronary arteries fill?

A

during relaxation of the ventricles

44
Q

Are the coronary arteries under low or high pressure?

A

low

- this allows us to replace coronary arteries with veins

45
Q

The right coronary artery gives off the __________ and then travels to the back of the heart to descend as the ________.

A

right marginal artery ; posterior interventricular artery

46
Q

The left coronary divides into the ________ and __________.

A

anterior interventricular artery ; circumflex artery

47
Q

The circumflex artery courses around to the back of the heart (in the atrioventricular sulcus) and provides branches to the…

A

left ventricle

48
Q

Cardiac veins carry deoxygenated blood from the…

A

myocardium

49
Q

The great cardiac vein runs with the…

A

anterior interventricular artery

50
Q

The middle cardiac vein runs with the…

A

posterior interventricular artery

51
Q

The small cardiac vein runs with the…

A

right marginal artery

52
Q

The veins all empty into the…

A

coronary sinu

53
Q

Where is the coronary sinus?

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle on the posterior heart

54
Q

The coronary sinus opens into the…

A

right atrium

55
Q

The anterior interventricular artery is also called the…

A

descending branch

56
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

decreased pumping efficiency, heart enlarges

57
Q

Arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

58
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

random firing in the atria

- can cause clots, stroke

59
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

random firing in the ventricles

- can cause cardiac arrest

60
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

heart attack, due to lack of blood supply to the myocardium

61
Q

Heart Murmur

A

abnormal heart sounds caused by faulty valve(s)

62
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

63
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of arteries due to plaque (fatty deposits)

- increases peripheral resistance

64
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium caused by a virus or bacteria

65
Q

Tachycardia

A

high heart rate

66
Q

Bradycardia

A

low heart rate

67
Q

Atrial Septal Defect

A

when the opening between the left and right atrium (foramen ovale) doesn’t close after birth

68
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

chest pain

69
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

myocardium thickens due to increased pressure

- the ventricle has to pump against increased peripheral resistance, leading to the thickening

70
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

ventricular wall distends due to reduced ejection of blood from high peripheral resistance
- can lead to heart failure

71
Q

What does it mean that the heart exhibits autorhythmicity?

A

it beats itself

72
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells, collectively called the conducting system, spreads impulses through the…

A

myocardium

73
Q

The heartbeat is initiated by a group of specialized cells called the _________, near the superior vena cava.

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

74
Q

The SA node is also known as the…

A

pacemaker

75
Q

The SA node depolarizes how many beats per minute?

A

72

76
Q

What is the flow of electrical impulses through the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle
  4. left and right bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
77
Q

What does the vagus nerve do to the heart rate?

A

decreases it

78
Q

Turbulence in the heart can lead to…

A

stroke due to clotting

79
Q

Aneurysm

A

dilation within an artery that can cause stroke, bleeding if it bursts
- prevent by reducing athersclerosis

80
Q

Fascia Adherens (Desmosomes)

A

help bind adjacent cells together and help transmit the contractile force to adjacent cells

81
Q

Gap Junctions

A

allow ions to pass between cells, allowing transmission of impulse to spread through network of cardiac muscle cells (to help entire chamber contract at the same time)

82
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

83
Q

Steps in the Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. early ventricular systole
  3. late ventricular systole
  4. early ventricular diastole
  5. late ventricular diastole
84
Q

Atrial Systole

A

contraction of the atria initiated by the SA node, causing the ventricles to fill

85
Q

Early Ventricular Systole

A

atria relax and ventricles begin contracting, causing the AV valves to close (“lub”)

86
Q

Late Ventricular Systole

A

continued contraction of the ventricles cause the semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected into the arterial trunks (the atria are still relaxed)

87
Q

Early Ventricular Diastole

A

the ventricles begin to relax and the semilunar valves close to prevent blood from back-flowing into the ventricles (“dub”)

88
Q

Late Ventricular Diastole

A

continued relaxation of ventricles causes AV valves to open and atrial contractions fill ventricles

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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