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ANAT 3001 > Respiratory System (For Exam 3) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (For Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A 
gas exchange
air conditioning
sound production
olfaction
defense
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2
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function of gas exchange?

A

it brings oxygen into the body and bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function of air conditioning?

A

adds warmth and moisture to the air we breathe in

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4
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function of sound production?

A

a specialized part of the respiratory system (the larynx) produces sound for speaking when air passes through during exhalation

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5
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function of olfaction?

A

specialized tissue in the nasal cavity carries information regarding smells

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6
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function of defense?

A

mucus (secreted by mucous cells) protect the fragile respiratory lining from drying out but also traps dirt particles. Lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory tract monitor the air we breathe or unwanted particles and microorganisms

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7
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A 
nasal cavity (and paranasal sinuses)
pharynx
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8
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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9
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into left and right parts?

A

nasal septum (made of cartilage and bone)

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10
Q

The nasal cavity is lined with…

A

mucous membrane

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11
Q

Where are the superior, middle, and inferior projections called conchae in the nasal cavity?

A

lateral walls

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12
Q

The superior and middle concha are part of what bone?

A

ethmoid bone

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13
Q

Under each concha is a groove called a…

A

meatus

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14
Q

Outgrowths of the nasal cavity form…

A

paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

Sinuses can be found in which bones?

A

maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid

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16
Q

Tears drain into the nasal cavity, under the inferior concha, from the…

A

nasolacrimal duct

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17
Q

The pharynx is the area located posterior to the…

A 
nasal cavity (nasopharynx)
oral cavity (oropharynx)
larynx (laryngopharynx)
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18
Q

What is the pathway of air (that enters through the nose) in the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx –> oropharynx –> larynx

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19
Q

What is the pathway of food (entering from the mouth) in the pharynx?

A

oropharynx –> laryngopharynx –> esophagus

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20
Q

The eustachian (auditory) tube connects the nasopharynx to the…

A

middle ear

- purpose: equalize pressure in the middle ear

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21
Q

What does the pharyngeal tonsil do?

A

monitors air for microorganisms and initiates an immune response if necessary

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22
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

in the lateral walls of the oropharynx

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23
Q

What do the palatine tonsils do?

A

monitor the food we eat for microorganisms, initiating an immune response if necessary

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24
Q

What is the larynx commonly known as?

A

the “voice-box”

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25
Q

The larynx is composed of…

A

cartilage and muscles and is lined with a mucous memrbane

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26
Q

The larynx is intimately associated with which bone?

A

hyoid bone

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27
Q

What is the structural framework of the larynx?

A 
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
corniculate cartilages
epiglottis
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28
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

large, unpaired cartilage that is C-shaped (open in the back) which forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) in the front

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29
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

ring-like cartilage sitting inferior to the thyroid cartilage, articulates iwth its inferior horns

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30
Q

Arytenoid Cartilage

A

paired pyramidal cartilages that sit atop the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage; each with an apex, muscular process, and vocal process (for the attachment of vocal ligaments)

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31
Q

Corniculate Cartilages

A

small pieces of cartilage that are fused to the apicies of the arytenoid cartilages

32
Q

Epiglottis

A

leaf-like cartilage, with its “stem” attached to the thyroid cartilage, closed over the opening of the larynx during swallowing

33
Q

Conus Elasticus

A

a membrane that extends from the vocal ligaments to the cricoid cartilage, leaving an opening between the vocal ligaments called rima glottidis

34
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

arytenoid muscle

35
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

A

runs from posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
- moves vocal ligaments apart for breathing

36
Q

Arytenoid Muscle

A

runs between the two arytenoid cartilages

- draws the arytenoid cartilages and vocal ligaments together during speaking and swallow

37
Q

Trachea

A

flexible tube that extends inferiorly from the larynx to the thorax

  • walls are supported by C-shaped cartilages
  • open ends of the cartilages are connected by trachealis muscle
  • lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous mucus-secreting goblet cells
38
Q

At the sternal angle, the trachea splits into left and right…

A

pulmonary bronchi (one for each lung)

39
Q

Bronchi

A
  • supported by C-shaped cartilages
  • smooth muscle located between cartilages
  • lined with pseudostratiied ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous mucus-secreting goblet cells
  • enter the lungs and branch into smaller and smaller bronchi
40
Q

Each primary bronchus divided into a…

A

secondary bronchus (one for each lobe of the lung)

41
Q

Secondary bronchi divide into _________ bronchi and so on for 9-12 levels of branching.

A

tertiary

42
Q

As the bronchial tree branches further, the cartilage becomes more sparse until only what is found in the wall?

A

smooth muscle

43
Q

What are the smallest parts of the bronchial tree?

A

terminal bronchioles

44
Q

Terminal bronchioles give rise to…

A

respiratory brochioles, which are associated with alveoli

45
Q

Aveoli can occur individually or as a part of a large cluster called an…

A

alveolar sac

46
Q

The spherical walls of alveoli are formed by…

A

simple squamous epithelium on a basement membrane

47
Q

Pulmonary capillaries surround the…

A

alveoli

48
Q

The respiratory membrane consists of…

A

two layers of simple squamous epithelium (one from alveolus and one from capillary) and their fused basement membranes between

49
Q

What gas goes from the alveolus to the capillary and ultimately into the blood?

A

oxygen

50
Q

What gas goes from the blood and capillary to the alveolus?

A

carbon dioxide

51
Q

The squamous alveolar cell is also called…

A

alveolar type I cell

52
Q

Alveolar type II cells are scattered through the alveoli and produce…

A

pulmonary surfactant

53
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

also called dust cells, they keep alveoli clean of particulate matter

54
Q

Tracheotomy

A

an opening made in the trachea just inferior to the larynx

55
Q

Emphysema

A

merging and reduction of surface area of alveoli

56
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

thick mucus buildup in the lungs with infections

57
Q

Bronchitis

A

an inflammation of the bronchi

58
Q

Asthma

A

episodes of bronchoconstriction

59
Q

When do lungs begin growth in during development?

A

4th week, begin growth as respiratory diverticulum

60
Q

Lung buds grow into…

A

pleural cavities, which are lined with serous membrane called pleura

61
Q

Pleura covering the lungs is called…

A

visceral pleura

62
Q

Pleura lining the cavity is called…

A

pariteal pleura

63
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 - superior, middle, and inferior

- divided by fissures

64
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 - superior and inferior

- divided by fissures with lingula extending from superior lobe

65
Q

Which lung has a cardiac impression on the medial surface and a cardiac notch above the lingula?

A

left lung

66
Q

Where do blood vessels and bronchi enter the lung?

A

at the hilum

67
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

A

the diaphragm

68
Q

During inhalation, what does the diaphragm do?

A

flattens inferiorly and creates a vacuum in the pleural cavities

69
Q

During exhalation, what does the diaphragm do?

A

relaxes and domes superiorly and pushes air out of the lungs

70
Q

With quiet breathing, diaphragm and external intercostals alternately do what?

A

contract and relax

71
Q

What other muscles help with respiration, specifically inhalation?

A

pectoralis minor

serratus posterior superior

72
Q

What other muscles help with respiration, specifically exhalation?

A

serratus posterior inferior
abdominals
internal intercostals

73
Q

Where are the respiratory centers located?

A

pons and medulla oblongata

74
Q

What do the respiratory centers do?

A

send out rhythmic motor commands to the diaphragm through the phrenic nerves, which are formed by the branches of spinal nerve C3, C4, C5.

75
Q

Tidal Volume

A

during quiet breathing, the amount of air (mL) inhaled and exhaled

76
Q

Vital Capacity

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

77
Q

Residual Volume

A

amount of air left in lungs after exhalation

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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