Urinary System Flashcards
urination
eliminates waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism
functions of urinary system
excretion of waste to maintain volume and chemical composition of blood
functions of kidneys
- maintain appropriate blood volume by varying the excretion of water in the urine
- maintain chemical composition of blood by selecting certain chemicals to excrete
- maintain blood pH
- excrete waste products of protein metabolism
- regulation of blood pressure
- stimulation of erythrocyte (RBC) production by secreting erythropoietin
urea
final product of protein metabolism and major nitrogenous waste product in urine
urology
branch of medicine concerned with male genital tract and urinary tracts of both genders
- urologist = specialist
albumin/o
albumin
-ation
process
-esis
action, process, or result of
glycos/o
sugar
olig/o
few, scanty
ur/o
urine or urinary tract
urin/o
urine
-uria
urine or urination
components of urinary tract
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
cyst/o
bladder (sometimes cyst or sac)
glomerul/o
glomerulus (filtering structure for the kidney)
nephr/o
kidney
ren/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis (reservoir in kidney that collects urine)
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
cystic
pertaining to:
- a cyst
- gallbladder
- urinary bladder
nephron
functional unit of kidney; each kidney contains 1 million
tubules
tubular sections of the nephron; reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and other substances occurs across the tubule walls into the blood capillaries
glomerulus
cluster of blood vessels in a nephron surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
three processes of urine formation (functions of the nephron)
glomerular filtration: glomerulus allows water, salts, wastes, etc. to pass from blood into Bowman’s capsule
tubular reabsorption: reabsorption of substances that the body conserves, such as sugar and water, from tubules into blood vessels
tubular secretion: secretion of substances from blood stream (waste products of metabolisms and drugs) into renal tubule
urinalysis
analysis of urine (typically for sugar, protein, and blood)
glycosuria
presence of sugar in urine
proteinuria
presence of protein in urine
hematuria
presence of blood in urine
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine (when fat stores are metabolized for energy)
diabetes mellitus
endocrine disorder characterized by glycosuria and hyperglycemia (inc glucose in blood) and results from inadequate production of insulin
catheter
instrument inserted in urethra up to bladder for collecting urine
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
measure of amount of urea in blood; directly related to metabolic function of liver and excretory function of kidneys
creatinine
substance measured in blood and urine as indicator of kidney function
renal angiography (renal arteriography`
radiographic study to assess arterial blood supply to kidneys
renal arteriogram
record produced from renal angiography
stenosis
constricting or narrowing
pyuria
presence of pus in urine
nephrotomography
sectional radiographic study of kidneys
nephrosonography
use of ultrasound to make record (image) of kidneys
urolithiasis
presence of urinary stones
cystolithiasis
presence of stones in urinary bladder
renal calculi (nephrolith)
kidney stone
glomerulonephritis
glomeruli of kidneys are inflamed
intravenous urography
radiographic technique for examining the urinary system
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
polyuria
excretion of abnormally large quantity of urine
diuresis
excretion of abnormally large quantity of urine
anuria
low output of urine (less than 100mL / day)
oliguria
diminished capacity to form urine (urine production of 500mL or less per day)
- olig/o = few or scanty
uremia
toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency or failure (urea not properly removed from body)
- emia = blood condition
renal insufficiency
reduced ability of kidney to perform its function
retrograde urography
x-ray examination of renal pelvis and ureter after injection of contrast media into renal pelvis
urinary incontinence
inability to hold urine in bladder
urinary retention
inability to empty bladder
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection in urinary tract
voiding cystourethrogram
radiographic record of the bladder and urethra; x-rays taken while patient expels urine
catheters
urethral catheter: most common; catheter into utethra
ureteral catheter: catheter up ureters; can also be inserted through abdominal wall
suprapubi`c catheter: catheter in bladder through small incision or puncture of abdominal wall 1 inch above symphysis pubis
percutaneous nephrostomy
urinary diversion when tube is inserted into renal pelvis when complete obstruction of ureter is present; opening made through skin
hemodialysis
kidney dialysis (required when kidneys fail to remove waste products from blood); blood is diffused through membrane to remove toxic materials
peritoneal dialysis
alternative to hemodialysis when dialyzing peritoneum (membrane that covers organs) is used; dialyzing solution is introduced into and removed from peritoneal cavity
diuretic
increasing urination; agent that causes inc urination
immunosuppressive therapy
administration of agents that interfere with immune response of kidney transplant recipient
transurethral resection (TUR)
small pieces of nearby structure (e.g. prostate) are removed through wall of urethra
lithotripsy
surgical crushing of stones
nephroscope
inserted through abdominal wall into kidney to remove pieces of kidney stones or view inside of kidney
nephrolithotomy
incision of kidney (nephrotomy) for removal of kidney stone
nephropexy
surgical attachment of prolapsed kidney (nephroptosis)
nephrostomy (pyelostomy)
creation of new opening in renal pelvis of kidney to drain urine from kidney
percutaneous bladder and renal biopsy
removal of tissue from bladder or kidney by using needle inserted through skin overlying badder or kidney
