Circulatory System Flashcards
circulatory system
consists of cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and lymphatic system; work with other systems to maintain homeostasis in body
Functions of circulatory system
supplies blood cells with needed substances
transports waste products for disposal
maintains acid-base balance in body
prevents hemorrhage through blood clotting
protects against disease
helps to regulate body temp
Types of vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
venae cavae
veins carry blood back to heart via this vessel
Four chambers of heart
rt. atrium, rt. ventricle, lt. atrium, lt. ventricle
Flow of blood through heart
venae cavae, rt. atrium, lt. atrium, pulmonary artery, lungs exchange CO2 and O2, pulmonary veins, lt. atrium, lt. ventricle, aorta
atrioventricular (AV) valves
valves between atria and ventricles
- tricuspid (rt. sides)
- bicuspid (aka mitral) on lt. side
cuspid
refers to small flaps that make up AV valves
pulmonary valve
regulates flow of blood from rt. ventricle to lungs (aka pulmonic)
- semilunar valve
aortic valves
regulates flow of blood from lt. ventricle to aorta and body
- semilunar valve
pericardium
sac made up of a double membrane that encloses the heart (note: one i is dropped when cardi/o and -ium are combined)
epicardium
inner most layer or membrane of pericardium (aka visceral pericardium)
endocardium
membrane that forms lining inside heart
myocardium
heart muscle itself; thickest tissue of the heart; composed of muscle fibers
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply O2 to the heart (coronary means encircling)
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
ather/o
yellow fatty plaque
phleb/o
vein
venul/o
venule
cardiomyopathy
general diagnostic term meaning primary disease of the heart muscle itself
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
endocarditis
caused by infective microorganisms that invade endocardium; heart valves effected
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium; caused by infections microorganisms, cancer, etc.
electrocardiogram
record of electrical currents of heart muscle
echocardiography
use of ultrasonagraphy in diagnosing heart disease; ultrasonic waves through chest wall; uses sound to visualize heart
cardia catheterization
passage of tube into heart chambers through vein in arm or leg or neck; allows collection of blood samples form various chambers to determine pressure differences
Positron emission tomography (PET)
useful for examining blood flow in heart and blood vessels; radioactive elements injected and become concentrated in heart creating color-coded images
angina pectoris
severe chest pain caused by insufficient blood supply to heart
arrhythmia (dysrhythmia)
irregular or loos of rhythm of heart beat
cardiomegaly
enlarged size of heart
congenital heart defects
abnormalities present in heart at birth
congestive heart failure (CHF)
conditions characterized by weakness, breathlessness, and edema in lower body; aka heart failure
coronary artery disease (CAD)
abnormal condition that affects heart’s arteries; reduced blood to myocardium
coronary heart disease (CHD)
heart damage resulting from insufficient O2 by pathologic changes to the coronary arteries
fibrillation
severe cardiac arrhythmia in which contractions are too rapid and uncoordinated for effective blood circulation
- defibrillator: electronic apparatus that delivers shock to heart through placement of electrodes on chest
heart murmur
soft blowing or rasping sound heart she listening to chart; may not be pathogenic
hyperlipidemia
excessive lipids (fats) in the blood
hypertension
elevated BP above moral levels (120/80 mmHg)
hypotension
low BP (95/60)
infarction
necrosis of a localized area of tissue caused by lack of blood supply to that area; can result from occlusion (blockage) or stenosis (narrowing) of arteries that supply blood to that tissue
stenosis
narrowing
myocardial infarction (MI)
death of area of heart muscle that occurs as a result of O2 deprivation (aka acute myocardial infarction - AMI)
- heart attach
myocardial ischemia
deficiency in blood supply to myocardium
ischemia
temporary deficiency of blood supply to any body part
septal defect
defect in wall separating the lt and rt sides of the heart
shock
serious condition in which blood supply to the heart is reduces to such an extent that body tissues do not receive enough blood; can be caused by hemorrhage, infection, drug reaction, injury, poisoning, MI, and stress
vasodilation
increase in diameter of blood vessel
vasoconstriction
decrease in diameter of blood vessel
cholesterol and triglycerides
lipids in body; high levels are associated with greater risk of hardening of the arteries
angiomas
tumors consisting mainly of blood vessels (hemangioma) or lymph vessels (lymphangioma)
aortography
radiography of aorta after injection of contrast medium; record called an aortogram
arteriography
radiography of arteries after injection of radiopaque material into bloodstream image produced called arteriogram
angiocardiography
radiography of heart and great vessels after injection of intravenous radiopaque solution
angiography
general term for radiography of vessels
ateriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis
for of arteriosclerosis characterized by formation of fatty, cholesterol-like deposits on walls of arteries
ather/o
yellow fatty plaque
aneurysm
ballooning out of the wall of a vessel (usually an artery); can result in repute of vessel causing hemorrhage
hemorrhage
loss of large amount of blood in short time
cerebral aneurysm
ballooning out of blood vessels in he brain; pose danger of rupture and hemorrhage within skull (stoke)
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
blood vessels in brains have become diseased or damages; aka stroke
- caused by hemorrhage or blockage of a cerebral artery by either a thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (foreign material brought to site of blockage by circulating blood)
thrombotic embolus
blood clot that has broken loose from its origin and has been brought to artery or lymph vessel by circulating blood
arteritis
inflammation of an artery
polyarteritis
inflammation of many vessels
3 types of strokes (CVAs)
hemorrhage stroke (blood vessel bursts and blood seeps into brain tissue), thrombotic stroke (plaque causes clot to form that blocks blood flow), embolic stroke (blood clot of other embolus reaches an after in brain, lodges there, and blocks blood flow)
ven/o
vein
thromb/o
thrombus; blood clot
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein associated with a blood clot
coronary thrombosis
formation of blood clot in coronary arteries; common cause of MI
varicose
swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow, wakened valves, and incompetent valves; typically in superficial veins of legs
varicosity
varicose vein
hemorrhoids
masses of dilated varicose veins in the anal canal; often with pain, itching, and bleeding
cardiopulmonary bypass
method used to divert blood away from the heart and lungs temporarily during surgery of heart and major blood vessels
sinoatrial (SA) node
natural pacemaker in heart
cardioversion
restoring heart’s normal rhythm using electrical shock (see when drug therapy is ineffective)
cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
automatic implanted devise that detects sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and delivers a low energy shock to the heart, restoring natural rhythm
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
first-air procedure to establish heart and lung function of breathing or heart action has stopped
antiarrhythmic drugs
used to prevent, alleviate, or correct abnormal heart rhythm (digoxin; nitroglycerin)
digoxin
prescribed for treatment of congestive heart failure and certain arrhymias
nitroglycerin
drug that is a coronary vasodilator; treats pain of angina pectoris
thrombolytic
agent administered through catheter to dissolve a clot
heparin
oral anticoagulant prescribed in treatment of thromboembolic disorders (dissolve clots)
vasodilators
medications that cause dilation of blood vessels
antihypertensives
agents used to reduce high BP
diuretics
medications used to reduce the blood volume through greater excretion of water by the kidneys
antilipidemic drugs
drugs prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in the blood
angioplasty
surgical repair of vessels that have been damaged; balloon can be used to flatten plaque against walls of arteries; stent can by inserted to keep vessel open
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
use of veins or arteries from other parts of the body to bypass the blocked coronary artery
atherectomy
cutting plaque away from lining of artery
phlebectomy
surgical excision of a vein or segment of a vein; can be sued for CABG
lymph/o, lymphat/o
lymphatics or the fluid lymph
lymphatic system components
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, tonsils, thymus, spleen
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissues located in depressions of mucous membranes in pharynx
- palatine tonsils - located in back of throat
- pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids) - located deeper in pharynx
adenoid/o
adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
cervic/o
neck (or the uterine cervix)
home/o
sameness
splen/o
spleen
lymphoma
general term for cancer that originates in lymphatic system
lymphangitis
acute of chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels; caused by microorganisms
lymphangiography
radiography of lymphatic vessels and nodes after injection of radiopaque substance
lymphedema
accumulation of lymph in tissue and resultant swelling
elephantiasis
parasitic disease seen in the tropics; excessive swelling of external reproductive organs ad legs caused by obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasites
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes (aden/o or gland often seen in words elated to lymphatic system since lymph nodes were once considered glands)
lymphadenopathy
refers to any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenoma
tumor of lymph node
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
lymphadenectomy
surgical excision of a lymph node; typically to determine if cancer has spread
adenoidectomy
removal of adenoids due to enlargement, chronic infection, or obstruction; can be done at same time as tonsils (procedure called T&A)
