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Medical Terminology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

circulatory system

A

consists of cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and lymphatic system; work with other systems to maintain homeostasis in body

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2
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

supplies blood cells with needed substances
transports waste products for disposal
maintains acid-base balance in body
prevents hemorrhage through blood clotting
protects against disease
helps to regulate body temp

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3
Q

Types of vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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4
Q

venae cavae

A

veins carry blood back to heart via this vessel

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5
Q

Four chambers of heart

A

rt. atrium, rt. ventricle, lt. atrium, lt. ventricle

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6
Q

Flow of blood through heart

A

venae cavae, rt. atrium, lt. atrium, pulmonary artery, lungs exchange CO2 and O2, pulmonary veins, lt. atrium, lt. ventricle, aorta

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7
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

valves between atria and ventricles

  • tricuspid (rt. sides)
  • bicuspid (aka mitral) on lt. side
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8
Q

cuspid

A

refers to small flaps that make up AV valves

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9
Q

pulmonary valve

A

regulates flow of blood from rt. ventricle to lungs (aka pulmonic)
- semilunar valve

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10
Q

aortic valves

A

regulates flow of blood from lt. ventricle to aorta and body

- semilunar valve

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11
Q

pericardium

A

sac made up of a double membrane that encloses the heart (note: one i is dropped when cardi/o and -ium are combined)

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12
Q

epicardium

A

inner most layer or membrane of pericardium (aka visceral pericardium)

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13
Q

endocardium

A

membrane that forms lining inside heart

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14
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle itself; thickest tissue of the heart; composed of muscle fibers

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15
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply O2 to the heart (coronary means encircling)

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16
Q

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

A

vessel

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17
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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18
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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19
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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20
Q

ather/o

A

yellow fatty plaque

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21
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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22
Q

venul/o

A

venule

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23
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

general diagnostic term meaning primary disease of the heart muscle itself

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24
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle

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25
Q

endocarditis

A

caused by infective microorganisms that invade endocardium; heart valves effected

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26
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium; caused by infections microorganisms, cancer, etc.

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27
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of electrical currents of heart muscle

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28
Q

echocardiography

A

use of ultrasonagraphy in diagnosing heart disease; ultrasonic waves through chest wall; uses sound to visualize heart

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29
Q

cardia catheterization

A

passage of tube into heart chambers through vein in arm or leg or neck; allows collection of blood samples form various chambers to determine pressure differences

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30
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

useful for examining blood flow in heart and blood vessels; radioactive elements injected and become concentrated in heart creating color-coded images

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31
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe chest pain caused by insufficient blood supply to heart

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32
Q

arrhythmia (dysrhythmia)

A

irregular or loos of rhythm of heart beat

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33
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlarged size of heart

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34
Q

congenital heart defects

A

abnormalities present in heart at birth

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35
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

conditions characterized by weakness, breathlessness, and edema in lower body; aka heart failure

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36
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

abnormal condition that affects heart’s arteries; reduced blood to myocardium

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37
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

heart damage resulting from insufficient O2 by pathologic changes to the coronary arteries

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38
Q

fibrillation

A

severe cardiac arrhythmia in which contractions are too rapid and uncoordinated for effective blood circulation
- defibrillator: electronic apparatus that delivers shock to heart through placement of electrodes on chest

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39
Q

heart murmur

A

soft blowing or rasping sound heart she listening to chart; may not be pathogenic

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40
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive lipids (fats) in the blood

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41
Q

hypertension

A

elevated BP above moral levels (120/80 mmHg)

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42
Q

hypotension

A

low BP (95/60)

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43
Q

infarction

A

necrosis of a localized area of tissue caused by lack of blood supply to that area; can result from occlusion (blockage) or stenosis (narrowing) of arteries that supply blood to that tissue

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44
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

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45
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death of area of heart muscle that occurs as a result of O2 deprivation (aka acute myocardial infarction - AMI)
- heart attach

46
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

deficiency in blood supply to myocardium

47
Q

ischemia

A

temporary deficiency of blood supply to any body part

48
Q

septal defect

A

defect in wall separating the lt and rt sides of the heart

49
Q

shock

A

serious condition in which blood supply to the heart is reduces to such an extent that body tissues do not receive enough blood; can be caused by hemorrhage, infection, drug reaction, injury, poisoning, MI, and stress

50
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in diameter of blood vessel

51
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of blood vessel

52
Q

cholesterol and triglycerides

A

lipids in body; high levels are associated with greater risk of hardening of the arteries

53
Q

angiomas

A

tumors consisting mainly of blood vessels (hemangioma) or lymph vessels (lymphangioma)

54
Q

aortography

A

radiography of aorta after injection of contrast medium; record called an aortogram

55
Q

arteriography

A

radiography of arteries after injection of radiopaque material into bloodstream image produced called arteriogram

56
Q

angiocardiography

A

radiography of heart and great vessels after injection of intravenous radiopaque solution

57
Q

angiography

A

general term for radiography of vessels

58
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

59
Q

atherosclerosis

A

for of arteriosclerosis characterized by formation of fatty, cholesterol-like deposits on walls of arteries

60
Q

ather/o

A

yellow fatty plaque

61
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning out of the wall of a vessel (usually an artery); can result in repute of vessel causing hemorrhage

62
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of large amount of blood in short time

63
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

ballooning out of blood vessels in he brain; pose danger of rupture and hemorrhage within skull (stoke)

64
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

blood vessels in brains have become diseased or damages; aka stroke
- caused by hemorrhage or blockage of a cerebral artery by either a thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (foreign material brought to site of blockage by circulating blood)

65
Q

thrombotic embolus

A

blood clot that has broken loose from its origin and has been brought to artery or lymph vessel by circulating blood

66
Q

arteritis

A

inflammation of an artery

67
Q

polyarteritis

A

inflammation of many vessels

68
Q

3 types of strokes (CVAs)

A

hemorrhage stroke (blood vessel bursts and blood seeps into brain tissue), thrombotic stroke (plaque causes clot to form that blocks blood flow), embolic stroke (blood clot of other embolus reaches an after in brain, lodges there, and blocks blood flow)

69
Q

ven/o

A

vein

70
Q

thromb/o

A

thrombus; blood clot

71
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of vein associated with a blood clot

72
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot in coronary arteries; common cause of MI

73
Q

varicose

A

swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow, wakened valves, and incompetent valves; typically in superficial veins of legs

74
Q

varicosity

A

varicose vein

75
Q

hemorrhoids

A

masses of dilated varicose veins in the anal canal; often with pain, itching, and bleeding

76
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass

A

method used to divert blood away from the heart and lungs temporarily during surgery of heart and major blood vessels

77
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

natural pacemaker in heart

78
Q

cardioversion

A

restoring heart’s normal rhythm using electrical shock (see when drug therapy is ineffective)

79
Q

cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

automatic implanted devise that detects sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and delivers a low energy shock to the heart, restoring natural rhythm

80
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

first-air procedure to establish heart and lung function of breathing or heart action has stopped

81
Q

antiarrhythmic drugs

A

used to prevent, alleviate, or correct abnormal heart rhythm (digoxin; nitroglycerin)

82
Q

digoxin

A

prescribed for treatment of congestive heart failure and certain arrhymias

83
Q

nitroglycerin

A

drug that is a coronary vasodilator; treats pain of angina pectoris

84
Q

thrombolytic

A

agent administered through catheter to dissolve a clot

85
Q

heparin

A

oral anticoagulant prescribed in treatment of thromboembolic disorders (dissolve clots)

86
Q

vasodilators

A

medications that cause dilation of blood vessels

87
Q

antihypertensives

A

agents used to reduce high BP

88
Q

diuretics

A

medications used to reduce the blood volume through greater excretion of water by the kidneys

89
Q

antilipidemic drugs

A

drugs prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in the blood

90
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of vessels that have been damaged; balloon can be used to flatten plaque against walls of arteries; stent can by inserted to keep vessel open

91
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

use of veins or arteries from other parts of the body to bypass the blocked coronary artery

92
Q

atherectomy

A

cutting plaque away from lining of artery

93
Q

phlebectomy

A

surgical excision of a vein or segment of a vein; can be sued for CABG

94
Q

lymph/o, lymphat/o

A

lymphatics or the fluid lymph

95
Q

lymphatic system components

A

lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, tonsils, thymus, spleen

96
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissues located in depressions of mucous membranes in pharynx

  • palatine tonsils - located in back of throat
  • pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids) - located deeper in pharynx
97
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

98
Q

cervic/o

A

neck (or the uterine cervix)

99
Q

home/o

A

sameness

100
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

101
Q

lymphoma

A

general term for cancer that originates in lymphatic system

102
Q

lymphangitis

A

acute of chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels; caused by microorganisms

103
Q

lymphangiography

A

radiography of lymphatic vessels and nodes after injection of radiopaque substance

104
Q

lymphedema

A

accumulation of lymph in tissue and resultant swelling

105
Q

elephantiasis

A

parasitic disease seen in the tropics; excessive swelling of external reproductive organs ad legs caused by obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasites

106
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of lymph nodes (aden/o or gland often seen in words elated to lymphatic system since lymph nodes were once considered glands)

107
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

refers to any disease of the lymph nodes

108
Q

lymphadenoma

A

tumor of lymph node

109
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils

110
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlarged spleen

111
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

surgical excision of a lymph node; typically to determine if cancer has spread

112
Q

adenoidectomy

A

removal of adenoids due to enlargement, chronic infection, or obstruction; can be done at same time as tonsils (procedure called T&A)

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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