Digestive System Flashcards
alimentation
process of providing nutrition to the body
metabolism
process of using nutrients for growth, energy, and elimination of waste
4 activities of the digestive system
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
defecation
elimination of waste through the anus in the form of feces
-ose
sugar
-ase
enzyme
3 major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
amylase
enzyme that breaks down glucose
-ation
action or process
bil/i, chol/e
bile
cirrh/o
orange-yellow
de-
down, from, removing, or reversing
glycos/o
sugar
-orexia
appetite
-pepsia
digestion
vag/o
vagus nerve
viscer/o
viscera
alimentary tract
canal often called the digestive tract; long muscular tube that begins at mouth and needs at anus
gastrointestinal
refers to stomach and intestines
upper GI (UGI)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
lower GI (LGI)
small and large intestines
cheil/o
lips
dent/i
teeth
dent/o
teeth
odont/o
teeth
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
intestin/o
intestines
enter/o
intestines (sometimes only sm intestine)
duoden/o
duodenum; first section of small intestine (begins at opening of stomach; smallest section)
jejun/o
jejunum; second section of small intestine
ile/o
ileum; third part of small intestine (joins with cecum)
col/o, colon/o
colon or large intestine
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
cec/o
cecum; first part of lg intestine; pouch few inches long
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
proct/o
anus or rectum
rect/o
rectum
an/o
anus
hypoglossal
under the tongue
sublingual
under the tongue
mandible
lower jaw
names of permanent teeth
incisors (2), cuspids (or canines) (1), bicuspids (2), molars (2 or 3) (last molar called wisdom teeth)
endodontics
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp, both root, and surrounding tissues and the practice of root canal
orthodontics
diagnosis and treatment of problems of teeth alignment and resulting facial problems
pedodontics
devoted to care of children’s teeth and mouth
periodontics
study and treatment of periodontium, the tissue that supports that teeth
lavage
irrigation or washing out of an organ
3 divisions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
4 sections of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
vermiform appendix
wormlike structure extending form cecum of large intestine (becomes inflamed - appendicitis)
ileocecal valve
group of muscles located between ileum and cecum
4 parts of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid (all part of large intestine)
proct/o
anus or rectum
two substances that help move food though digestive tract
mucus (secreted by inner lining of digestive tract) and bile (comes for liver)
salivary glands (3)
located in oral cavity; produce saliva
paired parotid
sublingual
submandibular
frenulum
fold of tissue that supports or restricts motion of a mobile organ in the body
accessory organs of digestive system
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands
- liver and pancreas have other body functions too
bil/i
bile
chol/e
bile
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
hepat/o
liver
pancreat/o
pancreas
sial/o
salivary gland
where does digestion begin?
in mouth with starch digestion due to presence of amylase in saliva
liver
largest internal organ; produces bile which breaks down fats before absorption into small intestine
- bile is continually produced and either stored in gallbladder or sent to small intestine for immediate use
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
choledochal
pertaining to the common bile duct; main duct that conveys bile to the duodenum
pancreas
two functions: produces pancreatic juice for digestion; produces insulin (hormone that regulates blood sugar levels)
insulin
hormone that regulated blood sugar levels
barium swallow
swallow a liquid barium suspension to get x-ray image of digestive area (e.g.for esophagogram); study of UGI
barium meal
radiographic examination is made as barium passes through esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
barium enema
rectal infusion of barium for examination of lower GI
biliary tract
pathway for bile flow from liver to bile duct, and into duodenum
biliary calculus
gallstone; forms in biliary tract; causes jaundice, rt upper quadrant pain, obstruction, and inflammation of gallbladder
cholelithiasis
presence of stones in gallbladder
pancreatolithiasis
presence of pancreatic stone
snare
wire noose that fits through colonoscope and removes polyps
diabetes mellitus (DM)
result of insulin resistance or lack of insulin secretion by insulin secreting cells of the pancreas
- type I: genetically determined; absolute insulin deficiency
- type 2: characterized by insulin resistance rather than insufficient secretion
hyperglycemia
build up of glucose in blood resulting from lack of insulin; results in following symptoms:
- polyphaglia (excessive hunger)
- polyuria (excessive urination)
- polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- glycosuria (glucose in urine)
gestational diabetes mellitus
carbohydrate intolerance recognized during pregnancy, usually caused by deficiency in insulin
hypoglycemia
pancreas produces too much insulin; thus, blood contains less than normal sugar
hyperlipemia / hyperlipidemia
increased fat or lipiemesisd (cholesterol) in blood
obesity
20% above desirable body weight for age, gender, height, and body type
emesis
vomiting
dehydration
output of body fluid exceeds fluid intake; can be caused by hyperemesis and diarrhea
emaciation
excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
anorexia
loss of appetite for food
anorexia nervosa
associated with psychological stress; disorder charactered by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in emaciation
bulimia
episodes of binge eating often terminating in self vomitting
flatulence
excessive gas in GI tract leading to bloating; can come form malabsorption (improper absorption of nutrients into bloodstream from intestines)
hepat/o
liver
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells (note: cirrh/o means orange-yellow)
hepatotoxic
destructive to the liver
cyst/o
bladder or sac
cholecyst
inflammation of
viscera
large internal organs closed within a cavity
visceral
pertaining to organs of abdominal cavity
peritoneum
membrane surrounding the viscera and lines abdominal cavity
hernia
protrusion of an organ though an abnormal opening in the muscle wall of the cavity that contains it
inguinal canal
opening of the abdominal wall for passage of the spermatic cord in males and a ligament of the uterus in females
- can have an inguinal hernia
canker sores
ulcers in the mouth and lips
dysphagia
inability to swallow or difficulty swallowing
esophageal varices
complex of enlarged and swollen views at lower end of esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition resulting form back flow of stomach contents into esophagus
-cele
hernia (ex. gastrocele - herniation of stomach)
hyperacidity
excessive amount of acid in stomach; can lead to ulcers
ulcer
lesion of mucous membrane, accompanied by shedding of dead tissue
colitis
inflammation of the colon
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum (small sac or pouch in wall of organ) in the intestinal tract, causing stagnation of feces and pain
diverticulosis
presence of diverticula without inflammation; commonly affects older people with no severe symptoms
enterostasis
enter/o and -stasis
stoppage of delay in passage of food through small intestine
-stasis
stopping
hemorroids
masses of veins in the anal canal; often accompanied by pain, itching, and bleeding
enteral nutrition
introducing nutrients directly into GI tract using an enteral feeding tube
- nasogastric tube
- nasoduodenal tube
- nasojejunal tube
often make a hole in various places of GI tract
(-stomy)
anorexiant
appetite-suppressing drug
gastroplasty / gastric bypass
stomach surgery to limit food intake or absorption
antidiarrheals
drugs to treat diarrhea
antiemetics
drugs to receive or prevent vomitting
emetics
cause vomiting
laxatives
cause evacuation of bowel
purgatives / cathartics
strong mediation used to promote full evacuation of the bowel (in prep for surgery)
treatments for gallstones
laser lithotripsy, oral drugs to dissolve stones, shock wave lithotripsy (no surgical incision required with any)
if non-surgical treatments for gallstones do not work, this is performed
cholecystectomy
- laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder is excised with laser and removed through small incision in abdominal wall)
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
colostomy
creation of artificial anus on abdominal wall
anastomosis
joining of two organs or vessels that are normally separate
stoma
opening in the abdomen for draining fecal material during an ileostomy
laparoscopy
examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope though one or more small incisions in abdominal wall
vagotomy
resection (partial excision) of portions of the vagus nerve near the stomach; performed to decrease amount of gastric juices by severing the vagus nerve
