Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
alimentation
A
process of providing nutrition to the body
2
Q
metabolism
A
process of using nutrients for growth, energy, and elimination of waste
3
Q
4 activities of the digestive system
A
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
4
Q
defecation
A
elimination of waste through the anus in the form of feces
5
Q
-ose
A
sugar
6
Q
-ase
A
enzyme
7
Q
3 major classes of nutrients
A
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
8
Q
amylase
A
enzyme that breaks down glucose
9
Q
-ation
A
action or process
10
Q
bil/i, chol/e
A
bile
11
Q
cirrh/o
A
orange-yellow
12
Q
de-
A
down, from, removing, or reversing
13
Q
glycos/o
A
sugar
14
Q
-orexia
A
appetite
15
Q
-pepsia
A
digestion
16
Q
vag/o
A
vagus nerve
17
Q
viscer/o
A
viscera
18
Q
alimentary tract
A
canal often called the digestive tract; long muscular tube that begins at mouth and needs at anus
19
Q
gastrointestinal
A
refers to stomach and intestines
20
Q
upper GI (UGI)
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
21
Q
lower GI (LGI)
A
small and large intestines
22
Q
cheil/o
A
lips
23
Q
dent/i
A
teeth
24
Q
dent/o
A
teeth
25
odont/o
teeth
26
gingiv/o
gums
27
gloss/o
tongue
28
lingu/o
tongue
29
or/o
mouth
30
stomat/o
mouth
31
esophag/o
esophagus
32
gastr/o
stomach
33
intestin/o
intestines
34
enter/o
intestines (sometimes only sm intestine)
35
duoden/o
duodenum; first section of small intestine (begins at opening of stomach; smallest section)
36
jejun/o
jejunum; second section of small intestine
37
ile/o
ileum; third part of small intestine (joins with cecum)
38
col/o, colon/o
colon or large intestine
39
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
40
cec/o
cecum; first part of lg intestine; pouch few inches long
41
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
42
proct/o
anus or rectum
43
rect/o
rectum
44
an/o
anus
45
hypoglossal
under the tongue
46
sublingual
under the tongue
47
mandible
lower jaw
48
names of permanent teeth
incisors (2), cuspids (or canines) (1), bicuspids (2), molars (2 or 3) (last molar called wisdom teeth)
49
endodontics
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp, both root, and surrounding tissues and the practice of root canal
50
orthodontics
diagnosis and treatment of problems of teeth alignment and resulting facial problems
51
pedodontics
devoted to care of children's teeth and mouth
52
periodontics
study and treatment of periodontium, the tissue that supports that teeth
53
lavage
irrigation or washing out of an organ
54
3 divisions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
55
4 sections of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
56
vermiform appendix
wormlike structure extending form cecum of large intestine (becomes inflamed - appendicitis)
57
ileocecal valve
group of muscles located between ileum and cecum
58
4 parts of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid (all part of large intestine)
59
proct/o
anus or rectum
60
two substances that help move food though digestive tract
mucus (secreted by inner lining of digestive tract) and bile (comes for liver)
61
salivary glands (3)
located in oral cavity; produce saliva
paired parotid
sublingual
submandibular
62
frenulum
fold of tissue that supports or restricts motion of a mobile organ in the body
63
accessory organs of digestive system
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands
| - liver and pancreas have other body functions too
64
bil/i
bile
65
chol/e
bile
66
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
67
choledoch/o
common bile duct
68
hepat/o
liver
69
pancreat/o
pancreas
70
sial/o
salivary gland
71
where does digestion begin?
in mouth with starch digestion due to presence of amylase in saliva
72
liver
largest internal organ; produces bile which breaks down fats before absorption into small intestine
- bile is continually produced and either stored in gallbladder or sent to small intestine for immediate use
73
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
74
choledochal
pertaining to the common bile duct; main duct that conveys bile to the duodenum
75
pancreas
two functions: produces pancreatic juice for digestion; produces insulin (hormone that regulates blood sugar levels)
76
insulin
hormone that regulated blood sugar levels
77
barium swallow
swallow a liquid barium suspension to get x-ray image of digestive area (e.g.for esophagogram); study of UGI
78
barium meal
radiographic examination is made as barium passes through esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
79
barium enema
rectal infusion of barium for examination of lower GI
80
biliary tract
pathway for bile flow from liver to bile duct, and into duodenum
81
biliary calculus
gallstone; forms in biliary tract; causes jaundice, rt upper quadrant pain, obstruction, and inflammation of gallbladder
82
cholelithiasis
presence of stones in gallbladder
83
pancreatolithiasis
presence of pancreatic stone
84
snare
wire noose that fits through colonoscope and removes polyps
85
diabetes mellitus (DM)
result of insulin resistance or lack of insulin secretion by insulin secreting cells of the pancreas
- type I: genetically determined; absolute insulin deficiency
- type 2: characterized by insulin resistance rather than insufficient secretion
86
hyperglycemia
build up of glucose in blood resulting from lack of insulin; results in following symptoms:
- polyphaglia (excessive hunger)
- polyuria (excessive urination)
- polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- glycosuria (glucose in urine)
87
gestational diabetes mellitus
carbohydrate intolerance recognized during pregnancy, usually caused by deficiency in insulin
88
hypoglycemia
pancreas produces too much insulin; thus, blood contains less than normal sugar
89
hyperlipemia / hyperlipidemia
increased fat or lipiemesisd (cholesterol) in blood
90
obesity
20% above desirable body weight for age, gender, height, and body type
91
emesis
vomiting
92
dehydration
output of body fluid exceeds fluid intake; can be caused by hyperemesis and diarrhea
93
emaciation
excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
94
anorexia
loss of appetite for food
95
anorexia nervosa
associated with psychological stress; disorder charactered by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in emaciation
96
bulimia
episodes of binge eating often terminating in self vomitting
97
flatulence
excessive gas in GI tract leading to bloating; can come form malabsorption (improper absorption of nutrients into bloodstream from intestines)
98
hepat/o
liver
99
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells (note: cirrh/o means orange-yellow)
100
hepatotoxic
destructive to the liver
101
cyst/o
bladder or sac
102
cholecyst
inflammation of
103
viscera
large internal organs closed within a cavity
104
visceral
pertaining to organs of abdominal cavity
105
peritoneum
membrane surrounding the viscera and lines abdominal cavity
106
hernia
protrusion of an organ though an abnormal opening in the muscle wall of the cavity that contains it
107
inguinal canal
opening of the abdominal wall for passage of the spermatic cord in males and a ligament of the uterus in females
- can have an inguinal hernia
108
canker sores
ulcers in the mouth and lips
109
dysphagia
inability to swallow or difficulty swallowing
110
esophageal varices
complex of enlarged and swollen views at lower end of esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage
111
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition resulting form back flow of stomach contents into esophagus
112
-cele
hernia (ex. gastrocele - herniation of stomach)
113
hyperacidity
excessive amount of acid in stomach; can lead to ulcers
114
ulcer
lesion of mucous membrane, accompanied by shedding of dead tissue
115
colitis
inflammation of the colon
116
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum (small sac or pouch in wall of organ) in the intestinal tract, causing stagnation of feces and pain
117
diverticulosis
presence of diverticula without inflammation; commonly affects older people with no severe symptoms
118
enterostasis
enter/o and -stasis
| stoppage of delay in passage of food through small intestine
119
-stasis
stopping
120
hemorroids
masses of veins in the anal canal; often accompanied by pain, itching, and bleeding
121
enteral nutrition
introducing nutrients directly into GI tract using an enteral feeding tube
- nasogastric tube
- nasoduodenal tube
- nasojejunal tube
often make a hole in various places of GI tract
(-stomy)
122
anorexiant
appetite-suppressing drug
123
gastroplasty / gastric bypass
stomach surgery to limit food intake or absorption
124
antidiarrheals
drugs to treat diarrhea
125
antiemetics
drugs to receive or prevent vomitting
126
emetics
cause vomiting
127
laxatives
cause evacuation of bowel
128
purgatives / cathartics
strong mediation used to promote full evacuation of the bowel (in prep for surgery)
129
treatments for gallstones
laser lithotripsy, oral drugs to dissolve stones, shock wave lithotripsy (no surgical incision required with any)
130
if non-surgical treatments for gallstones do not work, this is performed
cholecystectomy
| - laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder is excised with laser and removed through small incision in abdominal wall)
131
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
132
colostomy
creation of artificial anus on abdominal wall
133
anastomosis
joining of two organs or vessels that are normally separate
134
stoma
opening in the abdomen for draining fecal material during an ileostomy
135
laparoscopy
examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope though one or more small incisions in abdominal wall
136
vagotomy
resection (partial excision) of portions of the vagus nerve near the stomach; performed to decrease amount of gastric juices by severing the vagus nerve
