Nervous System and Psychological Disorders Flashcards
home/o
sameness
-stasis
controlling
physi/o
nature
afferent
signals to brain
efferent
signals from brain to muscles and glands (cause effects)
somatic NS
under conscious control
autonomic NS
involuntary or automatic body function
two divisions of autonomic NS
sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - real; return to normal
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
connects CNS with muscles, glands, and receptors
two types of cells of nervous system
neurons: conduct impulses to or from nervous system
neuroglial (glial): supporting tissue cells of the NS; provide support and protection
cytoplasmic projections
single axon and several dendrites project away from cell body of neuron
dendrites
transmit impulses to cell body
axons
carry impulses away from cell body; if destroyed cannot replace themselves
myelin sheath
while fatty covering of axons; make impulses travel faster
neurilemma
outermost layer of axon
neuroglia (glia)
supporting tissue cells of nervous system; can replace themselves if destroyed
aut/o
self
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
brain
encephal/o
brain
cervic/o
neck (also cervix uteri)
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
dendr/o
tree
dur/o
dura mater
gli/o
neuroglia or sticky substance
lumb/o
lower back
maning/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
psych/o
mind
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
nerv/o
nerve
neur/o
nerve
phren/o
mind or diaphragm
physi/o
nature
sacr/o
sacrum
spin/o
spine
thorac/o
thorax (chest)
ventricul/o
ventricle
cranium
skull
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid that protects CNS; produced by ventricles and 3 membranes (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
brain meninges
protective coverings of brain (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
major structures of brain
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
cerebrum
main part of brain; cut by longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
hypothalamus
located beneath thalamus; communicates directly with pituitary gland
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (connects cerebrum with spinal cord)
cerebral cortex
convoluted layer of grey matter on cerebrum
lobes of brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
spinal nerves
31 pairs: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
sciatic nerve
two nerves bound together; largest nerve in body (neuralgia along the course of this nerve is called sciatica)
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording and analysis of electrical activity of the brain
- record: electroencephalogram
techniques to assess structural changes of the brain and spinal cord
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
computed tomography (CT) - especially helpful to diagnose brain tumors and head injuries
scans using radioisotopes
three types of cerebral hematomas
epidural hematoma: blood outside dura mater
subdural hematoma: blood beneath dura mater
intracerebral hematoma: bleeding within brain
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
normal blood supply to brain is disrupted (stroke)
- cause paralysis, weakness, speech defect, etc.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
brief interruption in cerebral blood flow (not permanent)
- causes disturbance of vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in skull; caused by interference with CSF flow (such as with brain tumors)
cerebral aneurysm
localized dilation of wall of cerebral artery
akinesia
complete or partial loss of muscle movement
anesthesia
complete or partial loss of sensation with our without loss of consciousness; results from disease, injury, or administration of anesthetic
aphagia
inability or refusal to swallow (painful)
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness in movment
cephalalgia
headache (cephalgia)
cerebral concussion
loss of consciousness (temp or prolonged) from blow to head
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue resulting rom blow to head
cerebral hemorrhage
results from rupture of vessels in head
cerebral palsy
brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination; results from developmental defects in brain or trauma at birth
coma
state of unconsciousness from which patient cannot be aroused
diplegia
paralysis effecting like parts on both sides of body
dyslexia
inability to read, spell, or write words despite ability to see and recognize letters
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing associated with obstruction or disorder of esophagus
dysphasia
speech impairment caused by lesion in brain
encephalomalacia
softening of brain
encephalomeningitis
inflammation of brain and meninges
encephalopathy
any disease of the brain
epilepsy
group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness
hemiplegia
paralysis of half of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of lower half of body
quadriplegia
paralysis of extremities (all 4)
- also called tetraplegia
multiple sclerosis
chronic CNS disorder with progressive distraction of the myelin sheaths of neurons; scar tissue interferes with normal transmission of impulses
myasthenia gravis
disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue
myelitis
inflammation of bone marrow or spinal cord
- myel/0 - bone marrow or spinal cord
narcolepsy
chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals
- narc/o = sleep
neuralgia
pain along course of a nerve
neuropathy
disease of the nerves
Parkinson disease
chronic NS disease characterized by fine, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, rigidity, and peculiar gate
shingles
acute, infectious eruption of vesicles, usually on trunk of body along peripheral nerves
- herpes zoster
psychosomatic
pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having physical symptoms of emotional origin
arachn/o
spider
claustr/o
barrier or closed space
pseud/o
false
zo/o
animal
agora-
open marketplace
-asthenia
weakness
-esthesia
sensation, perception
-lexia
words, phrases
-orexia
appetite
metal retardation
disorder characterized by subaverage intelligence with deficits in ability to learn and adapt socially
dementia
progressive mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, etc.
Alzheimer disease
progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, speech disturbance, and inability to carry out purposeful movement
autism
withdrawal and impaired development in social interaction and communication
attention deficit disorder (ADD)
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by short attention span, poor concentration, and hyperactivity (ADHD)
hyperkinesia
hyperactivity
neurosis
former name for category of mental disorders in which symptoms are distressing to patient, reality testing is intact, behavior does not violate gross social norms, and there is no apparent organic cause
anxiety disorders
characterized by anticipation of impending danger and dread
psychobiological response
involves both mind and body
posttraumatic stress disorder
acute emotional response after traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress
panic attack
episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably, accompanied by dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, trembling, chest pain
dissociative disorder
results from repressed emotional conflicts that separation or split personality occurs, resulting in altered state of consciousness or confusion of identity
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, feelings, or compulsions severe enough to cause distress, consume considerable time, poor interfere with life
obsession
persistent thought or idea that occupies the mind and cannot be erased by logic
compulsion
irresistible, repetitive impulse to act contrary to one’s ordinary standards
phobias
obsessive, irrational, and intense fears of an object, activity, or physical situation
agoraphobia
fear of public places
zoophobia
abnormal fear of animals
phobophobia
fear of acquiring a phobia
arachnophobia
fear of spiders
acrophobia
irrational fear of heights
acro - extremity (heights)
claustrophobia
morbid fear of closed spaces
pyrophobia
fear of fire
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in wasting and body image issues
bulimia
insatiable desire for food, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating followed by purging
mood disorder
variety of conditions characterized by a disturbance in mood as main feature (ex. depression, mania, bipolar disorder)
clinical depression
abnormal emotional state characterized by sadness, despair, etc.
mania
unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities
megalomania
abnormal mental state where one believes oneself to be a person of great importance
bipolar disorder
major mental disorder characterized by manic episodes, major depressive episodes, and mixed moods
kleptomania
abnormal urge to steal
paraphilia
sexual perversion or deviation where sexual instincts are expressed in ways that are biologically undesirable, socially prohibited, etc.
somatoform disorders
group of disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting illness or disease for which there are no demonstrable organic causes or physiologic dysfunction
hypochondriasis (hypochondria)
abnormal concern about the health of the body
neurasthenia
nervous disorder characterized by weakness and nervous exhaustion; associated with depression
psychosomatic disorders
emotional states that influence the physical body’s functioning
pseudomania
false or pretended mental disorder
pseudoplegia
loss of muscle power without real paralysis
psychosis
major mental disorder characterized by a gross impairment in reality testing in which individual incorrectly evaluates accuracy of thoughts
schizophrenia
gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbance of language and communication
antisocial behavior
acting against rights of others
paranoia
persistent delusions pof persecution, mistrust, and combativeness
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to nerve endings
stereotactic radiosurgery
closed-skull destruction of a target (e.g. tumor) using ionizing radiation
analgesics
agents that receive pain without causing loss of consciousness
hypnotics
drugs used as sedatives to produce a calming effect
anticonvulsants
drugs used to treat convulsions
antipyretics
drugs used to reduce fever
