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Medical Terminology > Nervous System and Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Nervous System and Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

home/o

A

sameness

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2
Q

-stasis

A

controlling

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3
Q

physi/o

A

nature

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4
Q

afferent

A

signals to brain

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5
Q

efferent

A

signals from brain to muscles and glands (cause effects)

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6
Q

somatic NS

A

under conscious control

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7
Q

autonomic NS

A

involuntary or automatic body function

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8
Q

two divisions of autonomic NS

A

sympathetic - fight or flight

parasympathetic - real; return to normal

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9
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects CNS with muscles, glands, and receptors

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11
Q

two types of cells of nervous system

A

neurons: conduct impulses to or from nervous system

neuroglial (glial): supporting tissue cells of the NS; provide support and protection

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12
Q

cytoplasmic projections

A

single axon and several dendrites project away from cell body of neuron

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13
Q

dendrites

A

transmit impulses to cell body

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14
Q

axons

A

carry impulses away from cell body; if destroyed cannot replace themselves

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15
Q

myelin sheath

A

while fatty covering of axons; make impulses travel faster

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16
Q

neurilemma

A

outermost layer of axon

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17
Q

neuroglia (glia)

A

supporting tissue cells of nervous system; can replace themselves if destroyed

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18
Q

aut/o

A

self

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19
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

cerebr/o

A

brain

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21
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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22
Q

cervic/o

A

neck (also cervix uteri)

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23
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx (tailbone)

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24
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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25
Q

dendr/o

A

tree

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26
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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27
Q

gli/o

A

neuroglia or sticky substance

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28
Q

lumb/o

A

lower back

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29
Q

maning/o

A

meninges

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30
Q

ment/o

A

mind

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31
Q

psych/o

A

mind

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32
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow or spinal cord

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33
Q

nerv/o

A

nerve

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34
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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35
Q

phren/o

A

mind or diaphragm

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36
Q

physi/o

A

nature

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37
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

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38
Q

spin/o

A

spine

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39
Q

thorac/o

A

thorax (chest)

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40
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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41
Q

cranium

A

skull

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42
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that protects CNS; produced by ventricles and 3 membranes (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)

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43
Q

brain meninges

A

protective coverings of brain (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)

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44
Q

major structures of brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

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45
Q

cerebrum

A

main part of brain; cut by longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres

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46
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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47
Q

hypothalamus

A

located beneath thalamus; communicates directly with pituitary gland

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48
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (connects cerebrum with spinal cord)

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49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

convoluted layer of grey matter on cerebrum

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50
Q

lobes of brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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51
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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52
Q

sciatic nerve

A

two nerves bound together; largest nerve in body (neuralgia along the course of this nerve is called sciatica)

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53
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording and analysis of electrical activity of the brain

- record: electroencephalogram

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54
Q

techniques to assess structural changes of the brain and spinal cord

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

computed tomography (CT)
 - especially helpful to diagnose brain tumors and head injuries

scans using radioisotopes

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55
Q

three types of cerebral hematomas

A

epidural hematoma: blood outside dura mater

subdural hematoma: blood beneath dura mater

intracerebral hematoma: bleeding within brain

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56
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

normal blood supply to brain is disrupted (stroke)

- cause paralysis, weakness, speech defect, etc.

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57
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

brief interruption in cerebral blood flow (not permanent)

- causes disturbance of vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness

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58
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of fluid in skull; caused by interference with CSF flow (such as with brain tumors)

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59
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

localized dilation of wall of cerebral artery

60
Q

akinesia

A

complete or partial loss of muscle movement

61
Q

anesthesia

A

complete or partial loss of sensation with our without loss of consciousness; results from disease, injury, or administration of anesthetic

62
Q

aphagia

A

inability or refusal to swallow (painful)

63
Q

bradykinesia

A

abnormal slowness in movment

64
Q

cephalalgia

A

headache (cephalgia)

65
Q

cerebral concussion

A

loss of consciousness (temp or prolonged) from blow to head

66
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting rom blow to head

67
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

results from rupture of vessels in head

68
Q

cerebral palsy

A

brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination; results from developmental defects in brain or trauma at birth

69
Q

coma

A

state of unconsciousness from which patient cannot be aroused

70
Q

diplegia

A

paralysis effecting like parts on both sides of body

71
Q

dyslexia

A

inability to read, spell, or write words despite ability to see and recognize letters

72
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing associated with obstruction or disorder of esophagus

73
Q

dysphasia

A

speech impairment caused by lesion in brain

74
Q

encephalomalacia

A

softening of brain

75
Q

encephalomeningitis

A

inflammation of brain and meninges

76
Q

encephalopathy

A

any disease of the brain

77
Q

epilepsy

A

group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness

78
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of half of the body

79
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower half of body

80
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of extremities (all 4)

- also called tetraplegia

81
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

chronic CNS disorder with progressive distraction of the myelin sheaths of neurons; scar tissue interferes with normal transmission of impulses

82
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue

83
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of bone marrow or spinal cord

- myel/0 - bone marrow or spinal cord

84
Q

narcolepsy

A

chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals
- narc/o = sleep

85
Q

neuralgia

A

pain along course of a nerve

86
Q

neuropathy

A

disease of the nerves

87
Q

Parkinson disease

A

chronic NS disease characterized by fine, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, rigidity, and peculiar gate

88
Q

shingles

A

acute, infectious eruption of vesicles, usually on trunk of body along peripheral nerves
- herpes zoster

89
Q

psychosomatic

A

pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having physical symptoms of emotional origin

90
Q

arachn/o

A

spider

91
Q

claustr/o

A

barrier or closed space

92
Q

pseud/o

A

false

93
Q

zo/o

A

animal

94
Q

agora-

A

open marketplace

95
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

96
Q

-esthesia

A

sensation, perception

97
Q

-lexia

A

words, phrases

98
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

99
Q

metal retardation

A

disorder characterized by subaverage intelligence with deficits in ability to learn and adapt socially

100
Q

dementia

A

progressive mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, etc.

101
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, speech disturbance, and inability to carry out purposeful movement

102
Q

autism

A

withdrawal and impaired development in social interaction and communication

103
Q

attention deficit disorder (ADD)

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

characterized by short attention span, poor concentration, and hyperactivity (ADHD)

104
Q

hyperkinesia

A

hyperactivity

105
Q

neurosis

A

former name for category of mental disorders in which symptoms are distressing to patient, reality testing is intact, behavior does not violate gross social norms, and there is no apparent organic cause

106
Q

anxiety disorders

A

characterized by anticipation of impending danger and dread

107
Q

psychobiological response

A

involves both mind and body

108
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

A

acute emotional response after traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress

109
Q

panic attack

A

episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably, accompanied by dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, trembling, chest pain

110
Q

dissociative disorder

A

results from repressed emotional conflicts that separation or split personality occurs, resulting in altered state of consciousness or confusion of identity

111
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, feelings, or compulsions severe enough to cause distress, consume considerable time, poor interfere with life

112
Q

obsession

A

persistent thought or idea that occupies the mind and cannot be erased by logic

113
Q

compulsion

A

irresistible, repetitive impulse to act contrary to one’s ordinary standards

114
Q

phobias

A

obsessive, irrational, and intense fears of an object, activity, or physical situation

115
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of public places

116
Q

zoophobia

A

abnormal fear of animals

117
Q

phobophobia

A

fear of acquiring a phobia

118
Q

arachnophobia

A

fear of spiders

119
Q

acrophobia

A

irrational fear of heights

acro - extremity (heights)

120
Q

claustrophobia

A

morbid fear of closed spaces

121
Q

pyrophobia

A

fear of fire

122
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in wasting and body image issues

123
Q

bulimia

A

insatiable desire for food, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating followed by purging

124
Q

mood disorder

A

variety of conditions characterized by a disturbance in mood as main feature (ex. depression, mania, bipolar disorder)

125
Q

clinical depression

A

abnormal emotional state characterized by sadness, despair, etc.

126
Q

mania

A

unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities

127
Q

megalomania

A

abnormal mental state where one believes oneself to be a person of great importance

128
Q

bipolar disorder

A

major mental disorder characterized by manic episodes, major depressive episodes, and mixed moods

129
Q

kleptomania

A

abnormal urge to steal

130
Q

paraphilia

A

sexual perversion or deviation where sexual instincts are expressed in ways that are biologically undesirable, socially prohibited, etc.

131
Q

somatoform disorders

A

group of disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting illness or disease for which there are no demonstrable organic causes or physiologic dysfunction

132
Q

hypochondriasis (hypochondria)

A

abnormal concern about the health of the body

133
Q

neurasthenia

A

nervous disorder characterized by weakness and nervous exhaustion; associated with depression

134
Q

psychosomatic disorders

A

emotional states that influence the physical body’s functioning

135
Q

pseudomania

A

false or pretended mental disorder

136
Q

pseudoplegia

A

loss of muscle power without real paralysis

137
Q

psychosis

A

major mental disorder characterized by a gross impairment in reality testing in which individual incorrectly evaluates accuracy of thoughts

138
Q

schizophrenia

A

gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbance of language and communication

139
Q

antisocial behavior

A

acting against rights of others

140
Q

paranoia

A

persistent delusions pof persecution, mistrust, and combativeness

141
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A

method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to nerve endings

142
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

closed-skull destruction of a target (e.g. tumor) using ionizing radiation

143
Q

analgesics

A

agents that receive pain without causing loss of consciousness

144
Q

hypnotics

A

drugs used as sedatives to produce a calming effect

145
Q

anticonvulsants

A

drugs used to treat convulsions

146
Q

antipyretics

A

drugs used to reduce fever

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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