Chapters 2 - 4 Flashcards
-er
one who (doodler)
-ist
one who (gymnist)
-atrician
practitioner (pediatrician)
-logist
one who studies, specialist (toxicologist)
-ac
pertaining to (iliac)
-al
pertaining to (spinal)
-ic
pertaining to (thoracic)
-ical
pertaining to (surgical)
-logic
pertaining to the study of (pathologic)
-logical
pertaining to the study of (toxicological)
-iatrics
medical profession or treatment (pediatrics)
-iatry
medical profession or treatment (psychiatry)
-logy
study or science of (biology)
cardi/o
heart
crin/o
secrete
dermat/0
skin
esthesi/o
feeling or sensation
gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
intestines (gastroenterologist)
ger/a
elderly (geriatrics / geriatrician)
ger/o
elderly (geriatrics / geriatrician)
geront/o
elderly (geriatrics / geriatrician)
gynec/o
female
immun/o
immune
ne/o, nat/o
new, birth
neur/o
nerve
obstetr/o
midwife (obstetrics, obstetrician)
onc/o
tumor
opthamal/o
eye
orth/o, ped/o
straight, child
ot/o, laryng/o
ear, larnyx (otolaryngologist)
path/o
disease
ped/o
child
psych/o
mind
radi/o
radiation
rheumat/o
rheumatism
rhin/o
nose
ur/o
urinary tract
Rheumatism
Variety of disorders marked by inflammation, degeneration, etc. of the connective tissues (esp. In joints)
Endocrine gland
Secretes chemical messengers called hormones
Benign
Not cancerous (tumor)
Neoplasm
Spontaneous new growth of tissue
Triage
Method of sorting according to the patients’ need for care
Local anesthetic
Affect a local area only
General anesthetic
Acts on brain and causes loss of consciousness
Forensic medicine
Deals with legal aspects of healthcare
-centesis
Surgical puncture to aspirated or remove fluid
-ectomy
Surgical removal or cutting out (excision)
Appendectomy
-lysis
Process of loosening or destroying (dialysis)
-pexy
Surgical fixation
-plasty
Surgical repair (plastic surgery)
-rrhaphy
Suture
-scopy
visual examination with lighted instrument
-stomy
formation of an opening (tracheostomy)
-tome
instrument used for cutting
-tomy
incision - cutting into tissue (tracheotomy)
-tripsy
surgical crushing
aden/o
gland
angi/i
vessel
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
bi/o
living
blephar/o
eyelid (blepharotosis)
cerebr/o
brain
encephal/o
brain (encephalitis)
chir/o
hand
col/o
colon or large intestine
cutane/o
skin
derm/a
skin
dermat/o
skin
faci/o
face
hepat/o
liver
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
muscul/o
muscle
my/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow / spinal cord
oste/o
bone
pulm/o, pulmon/o
lung
pneum/o, pneumon/o
lung
tonsill/o
tonsil
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
vas/o
vessel - ductus deferens
biopsy
excision of life (small lump of tissue)
symptom
health change as perceived by the patient
diagnosis
identification of a condition by scientific evaluation
-algia
pain (fibermyalgia)
-dynia
pain (otodynia)
-cele
hernia (protrusion of all or part of an organ through cavity wall) - encephalocele
-ectasia
dilation, enlargement, stretching (neurectasia)
-ectasis
dilation, enlargement, stretching (angiectasis)
-edema
swelling
-emesis
vomiting
-emia
condition of the blood (anemia. leukemia)
-ia, iasis
condition (hysteria, psoriasis)
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stone or calculus (cholelith - gallstone)
-malacia
soft, softening (osteomalacia)
-mania
excessive preoccupation (kleptomania - excessive stealing)
-megaly
enlargement
-oid
resembling (paranoid, mucoid) - adj and nouns
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition (neurosis)
-pathy
disease
-penia
deficiency (calcipenia)
-phobia
abnormal fear
-ptosis
prolapse / sagging (drooping or sagging eyelids)
-rrhage, -rrhagia
excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
-rrhea
flow or discharge (gonorrhea - urethral or vaginal discharge); diarrhea
-rrhexis
rupture - cardiorrhexis (ruptured heart)
-spasm
twitching / cramp / involuntary, sudden movement
-stasis
stopping / controlling (homeostasis)
-able
capable of (preventable)
–ible
able to (illegible)
-ac, -al, -an, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic, -ive, -tic
pertaining to (cardiac, thermal, medial, alveolar, salivary, peritoneal, lymphatic, invasive, nephrotic) - nephr/o is kidney
-ase
enzyme
-eum
membrane (peritoneum)
-ium
membrane (endocardium)
-ia
condition or therapy (anesthesia)
-ism
condition or therapy (absenteeism)
-iac
one who suffers (hemophiliac - one who suffers from hemophilia); maniac
-opia
vision (diplopia - double vision)
-ose
sugar (glucose)
-ous
pertaining to or characterized by (cancerous)
-y
state or condition (atrophy - wasting away of tissue, cell, organ, or part)
adip/o
fat
lip/o
fat
amyl
starch (amylase - enzyme that breaks down starch)
glyc/o
sugar
hemat/o
blood
lact/o
milk
lith,o
stone
micro-
small
muc/o
mucus
prote/o, protein/o
protein (proteinurea - excess proteins in the urine)
pyr/o
fire; pyrogen - substance the produced fever
phleb/
vein
mono-, uni-
one
bi-, di-
two
tri-
three
quad-, quadri-, tetra-
four
centi-
one hundred / one-hundredth
milli-
one-thousandth
diplo-
double
hemi-
half, partly (hemisphere)
semi-
half, partly (semipermeable)
hyper-
excessive, more than normal
hypo-
under, less than normal
multi-
many
poly-
many (polysaccharides)
nulli-
none
pan-
all (pandemic - occurring throughout)
primi-
first (ex. primary)
super-
excessive (supervitaminosis - excessive ingestion of vitamins)
ultra-
excessive (ultraviolet - light beyond the visible spectrum)
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
ante-
before in time or place (anteroom)
pre-
before in time or place (preener - area in front of the kidney)
circum-
around (circumphrance)
peri-
around (perimeter, pericardium)
contra-
against / opposed (contralateral - acting in different directions)
dia-
through (diameter - passed through center of circle; dialysis)
ecto-, ex-, exo-, extra-
out, without, away from (exoskeleton)
en-, end-, endo-
inside (endotracheal)
epi-
above, on (epitaph - inscribed on tombstone above grave)
hypo-
beneath, under (hypodermic - beneath the skin)
infra-
beneath, under
sub-
beneath, under (subcutaneous)
inter-
between (intersection; interval)
intra-
within
ipsi-
same (ipsilateral - affecting same side of body)
meso-
middle (mesoderm)
mid-
middle
para-
near, beside, abnormal (parallel)
per-
through or by (perspire, permeable)
post-
after, behind (postnasal - behind nose)
retro-
behind, backward (retroactive)
super-
above (superficial)
supra-
above (suprarenal)
sym-
joined together (symbiosis - two organisms of different species beneficially live together)
syn-
joined, together (syndrome - set of symptoms that occur together)
trans-
across (transdermal drug - can be absorbed through (or across) unbroken skin
anti-, contra-
against
brady-
slow (bradycardia)
dys-
bad, difficult (dysfunction, dyslexia)
eu-
good, normal (euthanasia - thought by some to be good)
mal-
bad
pro-
favoring / suporting
tachy-
fast (tachycardia - fast heartbeat)
ante-
before (antepartum - before children)
pre-
before (premarital)
pro-
before (proactive - take action before)
post-
after or behind
macro-
large or great
mega-, megalo-
large or great (megalomania - delusions of greatness)
micro-
small
a-, an-
no, not, without (a before consonant and an before vowel and h)
in-
not or inside (inconsistent, inhale)
febrile
fever
alb/o, albin/o
white
leuk/o
white (leukemia - disease characterized by inc in white blood cells)
chlor/o
green (chlorophyll)
cyan/o
cyanosis (deficiency in oxygen - bluish color)
erythr/o
red (erythrocyte - red blood cell)
melan/o
black (melanoma - malignant skin cancer)
xanth/o
yellow (note: jaundice is exception)
cyt/o (-cyte)
cell
gen/o (-genic, -genesis)
beginning / origin (produced by or in, producing or forming) (ex. carcinogenesis)
gram/o (-gram, -graph, -graphy)
to record (a record, instrument for recording, process of recording)
kinesi/o (-kinesia, -kinesis)
movement (movement / motion)
leps/o (-lepsy)
seizure (epilepsy)
lys/o (-lysin, -lysis, -lytic)
destruction, dissolving (that which destroys, process of destroying, capable of or producing destruction)
Note: conversion of s to t in lytic
malac/o (-malacia)
soft, softening, (abnormal softening)
megal/o (-megaly)
large, enlarged (enlargement)
metro/o (-meter, -metry)
measure, uterine tissue (instrument used to measure, process of measuring)
path/o (-pathy)
disease
phag/o (-phagia, -phagic, -phagy)
eat, ingest (eating, swallowing); phagocyte
phas/o (-phasia)
speech; aphasia - inability to speak
pleg/o (-plegia)
paralysis (paraplegic); quadriplegia
schis/o, schiz/o, schist/o (-schisis)
split, cleft; schizophrenic - psychosis with distortions of reality
scerl/o (-sclerosis)
hard (hardening); arteriosclerosis
scop/o (-scope, -scopy)
to examine, to view (instrument used for viewing, process of examining visually) - microscopy
troph/o (-trophic, -trophy)
nutrition
electrocardiogram
record of the electrical recordings of the heart (ECG or EKG)
cephal/o
head
aer/o
air (aerobed)
blast/o
embryonic form (osteoblasts - embryonic bone cells)
cancer/o, carcin/o
cancer
cry/o
cold (cryotherapy uses cold temps to treat certain conditions)
crypt/o
hidden (cryptic remark)
dips/o
thirst (polydipsia - excessive thirst)
electr/o
electricity
fibr/o
fiber (fibrous)
hist/o
tissue (histocompatibility - measure of compatibility of the tissues of a done and recipient)
myc/o
fungus (mycology - branch of botany that deals with fungus)
narc/o
stupor (hint: narcotics cause stupor or instability)
necr/o
dead (necrosis - localized tissue death in response to disease or injury)
optic/o, opt/o
vision (optical, optometrist)
phon/o
voice (phone)
phot/o
light (photography)
py/o
pus (pyogenic - pus producing)
therm/o
heat
top/o
position, place (topography)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
calculus
abnormal concentration that forms within the body (kidney stone)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
record produced by the electrical impulses of the brain
WNL
within normal limits
diagnosis
identification of disease or condition by scientific evaluation
prognosis
predicted outcome of a disease
acute
Having a short and relatively severe course
chronic
disease exists over a long time
signs
objective or definite evidence of an illness or disordered function that are perceived by an examiner (ex. fever)
symptoms
subjective evidence as perceived by the patient (ex. pain)
specimen
small sample or part taken from the body to represent the nature of the whole
vital signs
measurements of pulse, respiration rate, and temperature (blood pressure)
pulse
rhythmic expansion of an artery that occurs as the heart beats
- normal pulse rate (count of heart rates per minute): 60-100
respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body / breathing
- respiration rate (# of breathes per minute)
tympanic thermometer
thermometer with a probe placed at external canal of ear (useful for young children and babies)
blood pressure
pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart
- measured indirectly with a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff
- millimeters mercury (mm Hg)
- normal range: 120/80
systolic BP
maximum pressure on the artery
diastolic BP
amount of pressure that still exists when the heart is relaxed
four techniques for physical examination
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
auscultation
to listen for sounds within the body
stethoscope and parts
instrument used to hear sounds within the body; diaphragm and bell
-gram
a record (electrocardiogram)
-graph
instrument for recording (electrocardiograph)
-graphy
process of recording (electrocardiography)
cephalometry
measurement of the dimensions of the head
-metry
process of measuring (cephalometry)
-meter
instrument used to measure (thermometer)
opthalmoscope
instrument used to measure the eye
endoscope
illuminated instrument for visualization of the interior of the body cavity (inside / instrument for viewing)
catheter
hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a cavity of the body to withdraw or instill fluids, perform tests for visualize a vessel or cavity
- catheterization: introduction of a catheter
- catheterize: to introduce a catheter
cannula
hollow flexible tube that is inserted into vessels or cavities
invasive procedure
require entry into a body cavity (cardiac catheterization) or interruption of normal body function (surgical incision)
computed radiography
images from radiology are digitized and immediately displayed on a monitor or recorded on film
ech/o
sound (echocardiogram)
son/o
sound (sonogram)
electr/o
electricity
fluor/o
emitting or reflecting light (fluorescent)
radi/o
radiant energy (can mean radius - bone of forearm); ex. radiation
tom/o
to cut
ultra-
excessive
radiography
predominant means of diagnostic imaging for many years (x-ray)
x-ray / radiograph
projects x-rays through the patient which expose the radiographic film or digital image receptor to create the image (note, usually graph mean instrument used for recording)
radiopaque
substances that do not permit the passage of x-rays (bone and metal) - show up white
radiolucent
substances that readily permit the passage of x-rays (air and fat) - appear dark
computed tomography (CT)
uses ionizing radiation to produce a detailed image of a cross section of tissue, similar to what one would see if body was cut into sections (painless and non-invasive)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
created images of internal structures based on the magnetic properties of chemical elements within the body and uses powerful magnetic field and radio wave pulses rather than ionizing radiation (used for soft tissue)
sonography (echography, ultrasonography, ultrasound)
process of imaging deep structures of the body by sending and receiving high frequency sound waves that are reflected back as echoes from tissue interfaces (can be 2-D or 3D)
- record produced called a sonogram or echogram
contrast imaging
use of radiopaque materials to make internal organs visible on x-ray images
nuclear imaging
placing radioactive materials into the body organs for the purpose of imaging
fluoroscopy
visual examination of an internal organ using a fluoroscope; radiography provides a record of the image at a particular point in time
pharmaceuticals
medicinal drugs
positron emission tomography (PET)
combined tomography and radioactive substances to produce enhanced images of selected body structures, especially the heart, blood vessels and brain
- radioactive materials are very short lived, very small amount of exposure
radiotherapy
treatment of tumors using radiation to destroy cancer cells (aka. radiation oncology)
therapeutic
pertaining to therapy
algesi/o
pain
chem/o
chemical
pharmac/o, pharmaceuti/i
drugs or medicine
plast/o
repair
therapeut/o
treatment
tox/o
poison
-therapy
treatment
analgesic
drug that receives pain (note: one i is omitted)
