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Medical Terminology > Units 1 and 2_Intro and UE > Flashcards

Units 1 and 2_Intro and UE Flashcards

1
Q

scapular rotators - upward rotators

A

upper part of trapezius, lower part of trapezius, serratus anterior

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2
Q

scapular rotators - downward rotators

A

levator scapulae, pectoralis minor, rhomboids

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3
Q

scapulohumeral rhythm (2:1)

A

for GH joint to have full range of motion, scapula must move 1 degree on thorax for ever 2 degrees that humerus moves on surface of glenoid cavity (e.g. to achieve 180 degrees shoulder flexion, humerus moves 120 and scapula moves 60)
- if doesn’t happen, greater tubercle hits the acromion

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4
Q

vertebrae - numbers

A

cerval - 8, thoracic - 12, lumbar - 5, sacral - 5, coccygeal - 4

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5
Q

kyphosis

A

flexion of vertebrae (thoracic and sacral)

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6
Q

lordosis

A

extension of vertebrae (cervical and lumbar); called sway back (opposite of flat back)

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7
Q

scoliosis

A

curved spine in frontal plane

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8
Q

facet

A

joint between - where articular processes meet

- joint type: plane (ex. costal facet where vertebra touch rib)

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9
Q

intervertebral disc

A

between bodies of vertebrae

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10
Q

spinal nerves

A

paired set come out of intervertebral foreman (cervical-8, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacral-5, coccygeal-1) - total 31

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11
Q

rotator cuff muscles (4) and tendons (3)

A

muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
tendons: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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12
Q

sternoclavicular joint and relation to axial skeleton

A

only place where UE is he’d to body

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13
Q

Bone layers

A

compact bone - dense outer covering
spongy bone - inner region; medullary cavity in long bones (marrow)
periosteum - outer connective tissue covering (highly vascularized)
endosteum - inner connective tissue covering (lines medullary cavity)

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14
Q

Bone development

A

derived from neural crest mesenchyme (head) and somite and lateral plate mesenchyme (body)

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15
Q

two processes of bone development

A 
endochondral ossification (from cartilage)
intramembranous ossification (between layers of membrane)
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16
Q

endochondral ossification

A

forms first, long bones; develop by gradual replacement of cartilaginous model with bone; primary ossification (in middle) and secondary ossification (at ends)
- epiphyseal cartilage / plates - site of elongation between ossified regions

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17
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

form later; flat bones (skull, clavicle, mandible); develop by accretion on surfaces and edges of embryonic mesenchyme plate; growth occurs on outside while inside is resorbed

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18
Q

anatomy of long bone

A

diaphysis - shaft
epiphysis - one end of long bone
epiphysial line - formed from location of epiphyseal plate (where bone growth occurs); secondary ossification occurs here
metaphysis - growth plate region; where endochondral ossification occurs

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19
Q

fascia

A

thick layer of dense, irregular CT organized into sheet to tubes; membrane that surrounds structures like nerves, muscles, vessels, and organs

  • superficial: sheet of CT between dermis and underlying deep fascia covering muscle (cutaneous nerves are here)
  • deep: surround muscle on both sides
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20
Q

bursae

A

closed, fluid-filled sacs of CT; serve to reduce friction between tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscles

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21
Q

aponeurosis

A

modified tendon made from same type of CT as tendons but has broad, thin, sheet-like structure

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22
Q

muscle action over joints

A

had potential to influence moment over ever joint it crosses; primary action usually at most distal joint

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23
Q

muscle types

A

cardiac - heart and great vessels; transverse stripes; single nucleus; involuntary

smooth - walls of viscera and vessels, etc.; no striations; central nucleus; involuntary by autonomic NS

skeletal - striated; multi-nucleated; voluntary by somatic NS

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24
Q

symphysis

A

type of joint (ex. intervertebral)

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25
Q

plane / gliding

A

type of joint (ex. costal facet, acromioclavicular, 2-5 carpometacarpal)

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26
Q

sellar

A

type of joint with gliding and rotation; moment more complicated than plane joint (ex. sternoclavicular, first carpometacarpal)

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27
Q

ball & socket

A

type of joint; allows all moments plus circumduction (ex. glenohumeral)

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28
Q

hinge (ginglymus)

A

type of joint (ex. elbow, interphalangeal)

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29
Q

pivot (trochoid)

A

type of joint (ex. proximal and distal radio-ulnar)

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30
Q

ellipsoidal

A

type of joint (ex. radoiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal)

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31
Q

sternoclavicular jointn”SC”

A

example of sellar joint; movement is complex and different between anterior and posterior compartments (separated by articular disc)
- stabilized by two ligaments: costoclavicular; sternoclavicular

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32
Q

acromioclavicular joint “AC”

A

plane (gliding) joint; injury can effect subacromial space

  • stabilized by ligament: acromioclavicular
  • supported by ligaments: coracoclavicular (trapezoid and conoid
  • anterior / posterior gliding and rotation
  • injury: ligaments team with FOOSH; danger to subacromial space
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33
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

multi-axis ball and socket; large range of motion due to shallow gleaned and large head, loose capsule, and limited ligamental support; allows circumduction

  • stabilized by ligaments: glenohumeral ligament around jt. capsule (anterior), coracohumeral ligament with coracoacromial ligament as supporting arch (superior), joint capsule only (posterior)
  • muscular support: rotator cuff and deltoid
  • injury: supraspinatus impingement: ss tendons become thickened and get caught in subacromial space; impinges on bursa and cause pain
  • injury: should dislocation occurs inferior / posterior since lack of support; can injure structures in axilla
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34
Q

labrum

A

upper rim of glenoid cavity that deepens socket by 75%

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35
Q

scapulothoracic joint

A

pseudo joint between scapula and thoracic wall (muscular joint with no supporting ligaments)

  • moments: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, abduction, adduction
  • movement at this joint needed for full range of motion at GH joint (scapular humeral rhythm)
36
Q

elbow joint

A

three articulations:
humeroulnar - hinge
humeroradial - plane or gliding
proximal radioulnar - pivot / trochoid

injury: bursitis due to large # of bursa
injury: dislocation of radial head (called subluxation / moves inferiorly)

37
Q

joints in wrist and hand

A

radiocarpal: ellipsoidal
carpometacarpal: sellar (1) and plane / gliding (2-5)
metacarpophalangeal: ellipsoidal
interphalageal: hinge / ginglymus

38
Q

unipolar neuron

A

sensory; cell body in dorsal root ganglia

39
Q

multipolar

A

neurons are motor; cell body in CNS; inverse skeletal muscle

40
Q

motor neuron

A

multi-polar; cell body in CNS; efferent signal travels away form CNS; exit through ventral root of spinal cord

41
Q

sensory neuron

A

psuedounipolar; cell body in PNS; afferent signal travels towards CNS; simple job is sensation from skin; enter spinal cord though dorsal root

42
Q

ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

43
Q

exteroceptors

A

afferent structures that receive stimuli form skin

44
Q

proprioceptors

A

afferent estrutures that receive stimuli from joints and muscles

45
Q

somatic

A

structures that arise from somites, including bone, skeletal muscle, and skin

46
Q

visceral

A

structures that arise from non-somite embryotic tissue, including organs, glands, vessels, and tracts

47
Q

spinal cord meninges

A

dura matter: thick, tough outer layer

arachnoid matter: middle layer; CSF located b/t pia and arachnoid

pia matter: delicate, transparent covering of brain and spinal cord

48
Q

plexus

A

ventral rami of spinal nerves converge to form plexuses and axons are redistributed; plexuses supply nerve to extremities. Thus, peripheral nerves contain multiple segments of spinal nerves (except intercostal nn. T1-T12)

49
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

50
Q

myotome

A

set of muscles innervated by single spinal nerve; tendon tap would test this

51
Q

cutaneous nerve distribution

A

multiple spinal nerves can influence cutaneous nerves; opposite of dermatome

52
Q

G.S.E.

A

general somatic efferent

somatic NS scheme; motor signals to skeletal muscle

53
Q

G.S.A.

A

general somatic afferent

somatic NS scheme; sensory info (pain, proprioception, temp, tough) from sensory receptor to CNS

54
Q

somatic NS

A

controls interaction with external environment; well localized and under conscious control

55
Q

autonomic NS

A

regulates internal environment; poorly localized; unconscious control

56
Q

G.V.E.

A

general visceral efferent

motor signal to internal organs and parietal distribution

57
Q

development of NS - embryology (day 16-20)

A

triaminar disc forms with 3 germ layers; each gives rise to different structures:

  • ectoderm: CNS, PNS, etc.
  • mesoderm: bone, cartilage, connective tissue, muscle, etc.
  • endoderm: lining of respiraotry and GI tracts, etc.
58
Q

development of NS - embryology (day 20-26)

A

mesoderm divides into cuboidal structures to for paired somites

59
Q

development of NS - embryology (day 26-30)

A

somites (from mesoderm of triaminar) differentiate into dermatome (skin), myotome (muscle), and sclerotome (skeleton - cartilage, bones, tendons)

60
Q

development of NS - embryology (day 32)

A

all somites formed; paired somites associated with adjacent portions of neural tube (from ectoderm) and specific spinal nerve axon pathways

  • this creates segmental innervation pattern of NS!!
61
Q

anastomosis

A

connection of arteries to provide blood to needed areas around a joint; pressure gradient can change and blood can flow opposite normal direction

62
Q

vessel layers

A

tunica adventitia: collagen covering; most exterior
tunica media: smooth muscle; controlled by autonomic NS
tunica intima: endothelium; inner most layer, single-cell and intimate with blood

63
Q

venae comitantes

A

arrangement of two or more veins surrounding a single artery

64
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  • return plasma proteins and fluids that have escaped circulatory system to venous blood
  • return lymphocytes from recirculating pool to blood
  • add antibodies formed in nodes to blood
  • transport lipids from digestive tract to venous drainage
65
Q

chyle

A

lymph in GI tract that is high in lipids

66
Q

lymphatic system patters of drainage

A

superior right quadrant - drains into rt. subclavian/internal jugular vein via right lymphatic duct

rest of body drains into lt. subclavian/internal jugular vein via thoracic duct

67
Q

cisterna chyli

A

large dilation or sack in abdomen that empties into thoracic duct

68
Q

external signs of carcinoma of breast

A

skin dimpling, edema of skin (dots), nipple retraction and deviation, abnormal contours

69
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (work as stabalizers to pull head of humerus into glenoid fossa)

70
Q

subacromial space

A

located below coracromipal arch (acromion, coracoacromial ligament, coracoid process)
- bursa here

71
Q

intermuscular septums (medial and lateral)

A

formed by deep brachial fascia; septette arm into anterior and posterior compartments

72
Q

flexor retinaculum transverse carpal ligament

A

from pisiform and hamate to trapezium and scaphoid; serves as attachment for thinner ad hypothenar muscles; maintains carpal arch; prevents bowstringing of flexor tendons; protects medial nerve
- carpal tunnel associated with this

73
Q

TFCC

A

triangular fibrocartilage complex; space between ulna and carpals articular disc here degenerates over time

74
Q

tenodesis

A

when wrist flexes, fingers extend and visa versa

75
Q

finger motions

A

MP: abduct/adduct; flexion/extension; rotations

PIP and DIP: flex/extend

76
Q

thumb motions

A

carpometacarpal jt: radial abduction and adduction; extension and opposition; palmar abduction/ adduction

MOP joint: flexion/extension

77
Q

extensor compartments

A
  1. abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis (deQuervain’s tenosynovitis - radial wrist pain)
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (tennis elbow)
  3. extensor pollicis longus (lister’s tubercle/dorsal tubercle) (tendon takes 45 degree angle)
  4. extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
  5. extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris (can also be issues with TFCC)
78
Q

palmar fascia

A

very thick; continuous with anti brachial fascia of forearm

79
Q

palmar aponeurosis

A

flat sheet art palm of hand; continuous with tendon of palmaris longs and flexor retinaculum

80
Q

juncturae tendinum

A

attached tendons together on posterior side of hand; limits independent extension of ulnar 3 digits

81
Q

flexor tendons and nutrients

A

flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis (FDP and FDS) get nutrients from vinculum

82
Q

extensor hood

A

located on dorsal side of hand; extensor digitorum inserts into this

83
Q

synovial joint characteristics

A

capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, articular cartilage, fibrocartilage (articular disc / meniscus)

84
Q

subacromial space

A

tendons of rotator cuff muscles; tendon of long head of biceps brachii

85
Q

greater tubercle clearance

A

lateral rotation of humerus necessary for clearance of greater tubercle as it passes under coracoacromial arch (lesser tubercle will fit, but greater tubercle would hit acromion)

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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