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Biology & Pharmacology > Urinary System🩺 > Flashcards

Urinary System🩺 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

To remove waste products and excess fluid from the body.

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2
Q

True or False: The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the two main components of the urinary system?

A

The kidneys and the urinary tract.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The functional unit of the kidney is called a _____ .

A

nephron

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5
Q

What is the role of the ureters?

A

To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a part of the urinary system? A) Kidneys B) Ureters C) Liver D) Bladder

A

C) Liver

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7
Q

What is the name of the process by which urine is expelled from the bladder?

A

Micturition

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8
Q

True or False: The bladder can hold approximately 300-500 mL of urine.

A

True

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9
Q

What hormone regulates water balance in the body and affects urine concentration?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

A

urethra

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11
Q

What is the primary waste product excreted by the kidneys?

A

Urea

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure in the kidney is responsible for filtration? A) Glomerulus B) Loop of Henle C) Collecting duct D) Renal pelvis

A

A) Glomerulus

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13
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons.

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14
Q

True or False: The renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the role of the renal pelvis?

A

To collect urine from the kidneys before it moves to the ureters.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the outer layer of the kidney.

A

renal cortex

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17
Q

What condition is characterized by the presence of kidney stones?

A

Urolithiasis

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18
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the normal urine pH range? A) 4.5-8.0 B) 7.0-9.0 C) 3.0-5.0 D) 6.0-8.5

A

A) 4.5-8.0

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19
Q

What is the term for the involuntary loss of urine?

A

Incontinence

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20
Q

True or False: The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

A

To concentrate urine and conserve water.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ sphincter controls the release of urine from the bladder.

A

external urethral

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23
Q

What is the condition called when the kidneys are unable to filter waste effectively?

A

Kidney failure

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24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI)? A) Frequent urination B) Fever C) Painful urination D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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25
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in the urinary system?

A

To regulate sodium and potassium balance and influence blood pressure.

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26
Q

True or False: Urine is sterile when it is produced in the kidneys.

A

True

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27
Q

What is the process by which substances are reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the blood?

A

Tubular reabsorption

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the innermost layer of the kidney.

A

renal medulla

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29
Q

What is the term for the presence of protein in urine?

A

Proteinuria

30
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the urinary system is primarily responsible for urine storage? A) Kidneys B) Ureters C) Bladder D) Urethra

A

C) Bladder

31
Q

What is the main function of the collecting ducts in the nephron?

A

To collect urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis.

32
Q

What is the normal colour of urine?

A

Pale yellow to deep amber

33
Q

What is the normal PH of urine?

34
Q

Define oliguria

A

Lack of urine due to dehydration or renal disease

35
Q

Define anuria.

A

Absence of urine production due to kidney failure

36
Q

Define polyuria

A

Excessive urine production due to diabetes or kidney disease

37
Q

What is the main function of the urethra?

A

To transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

38
Q

Why are there mucus glands in the urethra?

A

To protect from extreme PH

39
Q

Where does the male urethra pass through?

A

Prostate gland

40
Q

Where is the female urethra embedded?

A

In the anterior vaginal wall

41
Q

True or false: The female urethra has less of a bacteria barrier?

42
Q

What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

A

It collects urine from both ureters

43
Q

What anchors the uterus ?

A

A layer composed of collagen and fat

44
Q

What is micturition?

A

A term used for urinating or voiding

45
Q

What does voluntary control rely on?

A

Consciously preventing relaxation of the external urethra sphincters to maintain urinary continence

46
Q

At what volume does voluntary control fail?

A

Between 300-400ml

47
Q

What are the nerves involved in the control of urination?

A

Hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal

48
Q

What is the role of sympathetic nerves in the urinary system?

A

Suppresses contraction

49
Q

Where is the left kidney located?

A

At about the T12 and L3 vertebrae

50
Q

What covers the kidneys?

A

A fibrous capsule composed of dense, irregular connective tissues that help hold the shape and to protect them

51
Q

What is the capsule covered by?

A

A shock absorbing layer of adipose tissue called the renal fat pad

52
Q

What anchors the kidneys?

A

Tough renal fascia

53
Q

What is the renal hilum ?

A

The entry and exit site for structure servicing the kidney

54
Q

What is within the kidneys?

A

Nephrons and vessels

55
Q

What controls the production of red blood cells?

A

Hormonal EPO

56
Q

What does the kidneys release ?

A

Aldosterone

57
Q

What is the function of aldosterone in the urinary system?

A

Regulate blood pressure

58
Q

Define osmosis

A

Passive movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

59
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood

60
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

The process where blood is filtered into the kidney tubules from the glomerulus and where filtrate is produced

61
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

The process where substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidneys tubules

62
Q

What is the process called where substances are secreted from the blood to the kidney tubules?

A

Tubular secretion

63
Q

Where is filtrate produced?

A

Renal corpuscle

64
Q

What is the loop of henle?

A

Where further reabsorption of water, sodium and chloride ions takes place

65
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A

Variable reabsorption of water or the secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

66
Q

What is secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Ions, acids, drugs and toxins

67
Q

What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Water, ions and all organic nutrients

68
Q

How does blood arrive and exit the glomerulus ?

A

Afferent arteriole - comes in
Efferent arteriole - exits

69
Q

What does glomerular capillaries contain?

A

Leukocytes, plasma proteins, platelets, erythrocytes and drugs

70
Q

Why is glomerular filtration important?

A

It indicates how well the kidneys are functioning

71
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary

72
Q

What is the main function of ADH in the urinary system?

A

To regulate osmotic pressure

Biology & Pharmacology (17 decks)

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