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Biology & Pharmacology > Nervous System🧠 > Flashcards

Nervous System🧠 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is included in the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the basic function of neurons?

A

Receives information and generates a response

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3
Q

Where are dendrites found?

A

In the grey matter of the brain

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4
Q

Where are axons found?

A

In the white matter of the brain.

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5
Q

What is the digestive tract responsible for?

A

Autonomous functions

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6
Q

How many sections are in the brain?

A

4

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7
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain - which splits into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callous - responsible for the higher functions like consciousness and cognition

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8
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord and regulates crucial functions like cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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9
Q

What are the two sections of the spinal cord?

A

White and grey

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10
Q

What does the grey matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

Posterior horn, anterior horn and lateral horn

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11
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal cord do?

A

Carries ascending sensory and descending motor information between the body and the brain

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12
Q

What does the CNS process?

A

All sensory information except for smell

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13
Q

Where do the sensory signals pass through?

A

The thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates movement by comparing cerebral commands with sensory feedback from the periphery

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in the CNS?

A

Regulates homeostasis and controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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16
Q

What are the two main vessels that supply blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

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17
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

A crucial network of arteries at the base of the brain

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18
Q

What does the circle of Willis do?

A

Provides redundant blood flow

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19
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The body’s communication network, connecting the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body’s tissues and organs

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20
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

All neural structures outside of the CNS

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21
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue layers that carry signals between the CNS and PNS

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22
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and what do they contain?

A

31 pairs - they contain sensory and motor fibres

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23
Q

What are the cranial nerves functions?

A

Control the neck and head

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24
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters of neurone cell bodies located outside the CNS

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25
Q

What other nervous systems are included in the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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26
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The nervous system which is responsible for the movements and transmissions of sensory information to the CNS

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27
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

Motor neurones

28
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Regulates involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion and respiratory rate

29
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations

30
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

Promotes relaxation and recovery

31
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Regulates various bodily functions through the release of hormones

32
Q

What are the key glands of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal

33
Q

Why are neurological exams important?

A

They assess the function of the nervous system and can help detect neurological disorders such as a stroke or Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and the brain stem

35
Q

What is the meninges?

A

Three layers of tissue that protects and supports the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

37
Q

What else does the meninges do?

A

Provide a support system for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Fluid which protects the brain and spinal cord - it also facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the brain and the bloodstream

39
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Relays sensory information and regulates autonomic functions

40
Q

What regulates sleep and motor control?

A

The epithalamus and the sub-thalamus

41
Q

How many bones is the skull made up of?

A

22

42
Q

What do Gillia cells do?

A

Maintain homeostasis, form myelin and facilitate communication between nerve cells

43
Q

What are synapses?

A

Crucial connections between neurones

44
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that bridge the gap between nerve cells

45
Q

What are neurones?

A

The functioning units of the nervous system

46
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

Sensory, motor and intermediary

47
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

To transmit signals between different parts of the body and coordinate bodily functions.

48
Q

True or False: The nervous system is divided into two main parts.

A

True.

49
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

50
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ nervous system controls voluntary movements.

A

somatic

51
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

Involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

52
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT part of the central nervous system? a) Brain b) Spinal cord c) Nerves

A

c) Nerves

53
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses.

54
Q

True or False: Sensory neurons carry information from the brain to the body.

A

False.

55
Q

What is the role of the synapse?

A

It is the junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the control center of the nervous system.

A

brain

57
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination? a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Brainstem

A

b) Cerebellum

58
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

59
Q

True or False: The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves.

A

True.

60
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ nervous system prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.

A

sympathetic

62
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of neuron carries signals from sensory receptors to the CNS? a) Motor neurons b) Interneurons c) Sensory neurons

A

c) Sensory neurons

63
Q

What is myelin?

A

A fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers and speeds up signal transmission.

64
Q

True or False: Neurotransmitters are responsible for transmitting signals across synapses.

A

True.

65
Q

What is the main function of the limbic system?

A

To regulate emotions and memory.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ nervous system calms the body after a stress response.

A

parasympathetic

Biology & Pharmacology (17 decks)

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