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Biology & Pharmacology > Cardiovascular System🫀 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System🫀 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?

A

To transport different things around the body, to defend against disease and to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the normal blood PH?

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What is normal blood temperature?

A

About 38*

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4
Q

What is the heaviest element in the blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is albumin and where is it manufactured?

A

It is a binding protein that acts as a transport vehicle for fatty acids and steroid hormones. They are manufactured in the liver

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6
Q

What are the three subgroups of globulin and what are their functions?

A

Alpha and beta (transport ions, lipids and fatty soluble vitamins to the cells - they also contribute to osmotic pressure)
Gamma also known as antibodies (involved in immunity)

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7
Q

What is the plasma protein which is essential for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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8
Q

What is the function of T Cell lymphocytes?

A

Regulates immune responses and directly attacks infected cells

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9
Q

What is the function of B cell lymphocytes?

A

Producing antibodies that target specific pathogens

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10
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

They circulate the bloodstream and migrate into tissues where they differentiate to combat infections and facilitate tissue repair

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11
Q

What is the process of engulfing pathogens and debris?

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Help regulate immune responses

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13
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They contribute to inflammation and tissue repair

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14
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The replacement of plasma

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15
Q

What is the function of thrombopoietin?

A

Triggers the development of megakaryocytic into platelets

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16
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A large molecule made up of proteins and ions - it consists of 4 folded chains called globin

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17
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What tough membrane separates the heart from other mediastinal structures?

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

What is the function of the left atrium ?

A

Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

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20
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body - it receives blood from the left atrium

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21
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. It then pumps the blood into the pulmonary arteries towards the lung

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22
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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23
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

To transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen

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24
Q

What does the systemic circuit do ?

A

Maintains overall function of the body - ensuring that oxygenated blood is distributed to various organs and tissues, supporting their metabolic needs

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25
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart ?

A

Pulmonary veins

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26
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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27
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

4

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28
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium and pericardium

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29
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

4

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30
Q

What is the name of equipment that record electrical activity of the heart over a period of time?

A

Electrocardiogram

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31
Q

What is lumen?

A

A hollow passageway where blood flows - every vessel has one

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32
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to various tissues throughout the body

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33
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

Transports blood towards the heart

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34
Q

What is the inner layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima

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35
Q

What is the middle layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica media

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36
Q

What is the outer layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica externa

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37
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

A very small artery that leads to a capillary

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38
Q

What is the function of a capillary?

A

Plays a role in the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products between blood and tissues. It also connects arterioles and venules. The system that they form is also essential for homeostasis and supporting cellular functions throughout the organism

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39
Q

What is the function of the met-arterioles?

A

Micro-circulation of tissues.

40
Q

Why is it important that the arterioles and capillaries connect?

A

It allows regulation of blood flow and nutrient exchange

41
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Interactive networks of tiny blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and surrounding tissue

42
Q

Where is the highest pressure for blood in the body?

A

Arteries

43
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump in the circulation system?

A

Helps maintain venous return to the heart by preventing blood pooling

44
Q

Why do veins have one-way valves?

A

To ensure blood flow is only towards the heart

45
Q

What is vessel compliance?

A

The ability to expand and accommodate blood flow

46
Q

What does Korotoff sounds determine ?

A

The systolic and diastolic pressures

47
Q

What is the typical mean arterial pressure?

A

70-110mmHg

48
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

The average pressure driving blood through tissues

49
Q

What are 3 factors which can impact blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output, blood volume and vessel compliance

50
Q

What are three factors that impact resistance in the cardiovascular system?

A

Vessel radius, length and blood viscosity

51
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A

A process which facilitates the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues

52
Q

Why is capillary exchange important?

A

Maintaining cellular function and overall homeostasis within the body

53
Q

What is neural regulation?

A

It is controlled by the cardiovascular centres in the brain and it regulates heart rate and blood vessel tone through sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

54
Q

What does endocrine regulation involve ?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and ADH

55
Q

What does endocrine regulation do?

A

Maintains blood volume and pressure

56
Q

What is auto-regulation?

A

A self regulatory mechanism that allows tissues to adjust their blood flow based on their metabolic needs

57
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against a wall of vessels or heart chamber

58
Q

Define diastolic pressure.

A

The minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

59
Q

Define systolic pressure.

A

The maximum value following ventricular contraction

60
Q

Name the 7 pulse points.

A

Temporal, facial, common carotid, tracheal, femoral, popliteal and posterior tibial arteries.

61
Q

What is the first step of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction

62
Q

What is the second step of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection

63
Q

What is the fourth step in the cardiac cycle?

A

Relaxation

64
Q

What is the final step of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling

65
Q

How is blood pressure controlled (short term) in the body?

A

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and high centres in the brain.

The automatic nervous system

66
Q

How is blood pressure controlled (long term) in the body?

A

ADH and renin in the aldosterone system

67
Q

What can cause blood pressure to drop?

A

Sleep and haemorrhages

68
Q

What can cause blood pressure to rise ?

A

Smoking, a full bladder, emotion, exercise and sexual intercourse

69
Q

How much should you inflate the cuff when taking manual blood pressure?

A

30mmHg above the estimate systolic pressure

70
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body.

71
Q

True or False: The heart has four chambers.

A

True

72
Q

Fill in the blank: The two upper chambers of the heart are called ______.

A

atria

73
Q

What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

A

Aortic valve

74
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

75
Q

What is the role of veins in the cardiovascular system?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

76
Q

What is the average resting heart rate for adults?

A

60 to 100 beats per minute

77
Q

True or False: The pulmonary circulation carries blood to and from the lungs.

A

True

78
Q

Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen?

A

Red blood cells

79
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.

80
Q

Fill in the blank: The largest artery in the body is the ______.

A

aorta

81
Q

Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

82
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

83
Q

True or False: Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body.

A

True

84
Q

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

A

The electrical activity of the heart.

85
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ system helps regulate blood pressure and blood flow.

A

nervous

86
Q

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

A

To aid in blood clotting.

87
Q

What term describes the condition where blood flow to the heart is reduced?

A

Ischemia

88
Q

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

A

Arteries

89
Q

True or False: The left side of the heart handles oxygen-rich blood.

A

True

90
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.

91
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

A

systemic

92
Q

What is the primary role of the valves in the heart?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood.

93
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

94
Q

Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating blood pressure?

A

Renin

95
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ is the muscle layer of the heart.

A

myocardium

96
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

To protect and lubricate the heart.

Biology & Pharmacology (17 decks)

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