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Biology & Pharmacology > Cardiovascular System🫀 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?

A

To transport different things around the body, to defend against disease and to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the normal blood PH?

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What is normal blood temperature?

A

About 38*

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4
Q

What is the heaviest element in the blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is albumin and where is it manufactured?

A

It is a binding protein that acts as a transport vehicle for fatty acids and steroid hormones. They are manufactured in the liver

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6
Q

What are the three subgroups of globulin and what are their functions?

A

Alpha and beta (transport ions, lipids and fatty soluble vitamins to the cells - they also contribute to osmotic pressure)
Gamma also known as antibodies (involved in immunity)

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7
Q

What is the plasma protein which is essential for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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8
Q

What is the function of T Cell lymphocytes?

A

Regulates immune responses and directly attacks infected cells

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9
Q

What is the function of B cell lymphocytes?

A

Producing antibodies that target specific pathogens

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10
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

They circulate the bloodstream and migrate into tissues where they differentiate to combat infections and facilitate tissue repair

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11
Q

What is the process of engulfing pathogens and debris?

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Help regulate immune responses

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13
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They contribute to inflammation and tissue repair

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14
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The replacement of plasma

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15
Q

What is the function of thrombopoietin?

A

Triggers the development of megakaryocytic into platelets

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16
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A large molecule made up of proteins and ions - it consists of 4 folded chains called globin

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17
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What tough membrane separates the heart from other mediastinal structures?

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

What is the function of the left atrium ?

A

Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

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20
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body - it receives blood from the left atrium

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21
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. It then pumps the blood into the pulmonary arteries towards the lung

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22
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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23
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

To transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen

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24
Q

What does the systemic circuit do ?

A

Maintains overall function of the body - ensuring that oxygenated blood is distributed to various organs and tissues, supporting their metabolic needs

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25
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart ?
Pulmonary veins
26
What carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
27
How many chambers are in the heart?
4
28
What are the three layers of the heart?
Epicardium, myocardium and pericardium
29
How many valves are in the heart?
4
30
What is the name of equipment that record electrical activity of the heart over a period of time?
Electrocardiogram
31
What is lumen?
A hollow passageway where blood flows - every vessel has one
32
What is the function of an artery?
Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to various tissues throughout the body
33
What is the function of a vein?
Transports blood towards the heart
34
What is the inner layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima
35
What is the middle layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica media
36
What is the outer layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica externa
37
What is an arteriole?
A very small artery that leads to a capillary
38
What is the function of a capillary?
Plays a role in the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products between blood and tissues. It also connects arterioles and venules. The system that they form is also essential for homeostasis and supporting cellular functions throughout the organism
39
What is the function of the met-arterioles?
Micro-circulation of tissues.
40
Why is it important that the arterioles and capillaries connect?
It allows regulation of blood flow and nutrient exchange
41
What are capillary beds?
Interactive networks of tiny blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and surrounding tissue
42
Where is the highest pressure for blood in the body?
Arteries
43
What is the function of the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump in the circulation system?
Helps maintain venous return to the heart by preventing blood pooling
44
Why do veins have one-way valves?
To ensure blood flow is only towards the heart
45
What is vessel compliance?
The ability to expand and accommodate blood flow
46
What does Korotoff sounds determine ?
The systolic and diastolic pressures
47
What is the typical mean arterial pressure?
70-110mmHg
48
What is the mean arterial pressure?
The average pressure driving blood through tissues
49
What are 3 factors which can impact blood pressure?
Cardiac output, blood volume and vessel compliance
50
What are three factors that impact resistance in the cardiovascular system?
Vessel radius, length and blood viscosity
51
What is capillary exchange?
A process which facilitates the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues
52
Why is capillary exchange important?
Maintaining cellular function and overall homeostasis within the body
53
What is neural regulation?
It is controlled by the cardiovascular centres in the brain and it regulates heart rate and blood vessel tone through sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
54
What does endocrine regulation involve ?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and ADH
55
What does endocrine regulation do?
Maintains blood volume and pressure
56
What is auto-regulation?
A self regulatory mechanism that allows tissues to adjust their blood flow based on their metabolic needs
57
Define blood pressure
The force exerted by the blood against a wall of vessels or heart chamber
58
Define diastolic pressure.
The minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation
59
Define systolic pressure.
The maximum value following ventricular contraction
60
Name the 7 pulse points.
Temporal, facial, common carotid, tracheal, femoral, popliteal and posterior tibial arteries.
61
What is the first step of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial contraction
62
What is the second step of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection
63
What is the fourth step in the cardiac cycle?
Relaxation
64
What is the final step of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling
65
How is blood pressure controlled (short term) in the body?
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and high centres in the brain. The automatic nervous system
66
How is blood pressure controlled (long term) in the body?
ADH and renin in the aldosterone system
67
What can cause blood pressure to drop?
Sleep and haemorrhages
68
What can cause blood pressure to rise ?
Smoking, a full bladder, emotion, exercise and sexual intercourse
69
How much should you inflate the cuff when taking manual blood pressure?
30mmHg above the estimate systolic pressure
70
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body.
71
True or False: The heart has four chambers.
True
72
Fill in the blank: The two upper chambers of the heart are called ______.
atria
73
What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
74
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
75
What is the role of veins in the cardiovascular system?
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
76
What is the average resting heart rate for adults?
60 to 100 beats per minute
77
True or False: The pulmonary circulation carries blood to and from the lungs.
True
78
Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Red blood cells
79
What is hypertension?
A condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.
80
Fill in the blank: The largest artery in the body is the ______.
aorta
81
Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
82
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
83
True or False: Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body.
True
84
What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?
The electrical activity of the heart.
85
Fill in the blank: The ______ system helps regulate blood pressure and blood flow.
nervous
86
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
To aid in blood clotting.
87
What term describes the condition where blood flow to the heart is reduced?
Ischemia
88
Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?
Arteries
89
True or False: The left side of the heart handles oxygen-rich blood.
True
90
What is atherosclerosis?
The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
91
Fill in the blank: The ______ circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
systemic
92
What is the primary role of the valves in the heart?
To prevent the backflow of blood.
93
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
94
Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating blood pressure?
Renin
95
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the muscle layer of the heart.
myocardium
96
What is the function of the pericardium?
To protect and lubricate the heart.

Biology & Pharmacology (17 decks)

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