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Biology & Pharmacology > Musculoskeletal System💀 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System💀 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What are three examples of long bones?

A

Femur, radius and tibia

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3
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

To provide stability and support whilst allowing some motion

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4
Q

Flat bones are points of attachment for muscles and protectors of internal organs. True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

Name 2 of the flat bones within the body

A

Sternum and ribs

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6
Q

What is the function of irregular bones and name an example of one in the body

A

To protect internal organs.
Example - Facial bones

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7
Q

What are the two main parts of the long bones?

A

Diaphysis and epiphyses

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8
Q

What is the protective membrane that covers all bones in the body?

A

Periosteum

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found in bone tissue?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteogenic
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
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10
Q

Compact bone is the denser and stronger type or bone tissue. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

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12
Q

When does bone formation begin?

A

The 6th or 7th week of embryonic development

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13
Q

What does intramembranous ossification form?

A

Flat bones (such as the skull)

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14
Q

What does endochondral ossification form?

A

All other bones by replacing cartilage models

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15
Q

Why is calcium needed for the bones?

A

To form calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate - which gives bones their hardness

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16
Q

Which vitamin allows the absorption of calcium?

A

D

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17
Q

Which vitamin supports mineralisation?

A

K

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18
Q

What are the two structural components of bones?

A

Magnesium and fluoride

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19
Q

What reduces inflammation?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids

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20
Q

What is the function of growth hormones in the bones?

A

Increases length of long bones, enhances mineralisation and improves bone density

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21
Q

What hormone stimulates bone growth and promotes synthesis of bone matrix?

A

Thyroxine

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22
Q

What hormone stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract?

A

Calcitriol

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23
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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24
Q

What are the two main sections of the skull?

A

Cranial vault and facial bones

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25
Q

Why is the foramen magnum important?

A

It is where the spinal cord exits

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26
Q

What is also known as the cheekbone?

A

Zygomatic arch

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27
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

28
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

A complex structure consisting of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum and coccyx

29
Q

What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
30
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

The rib cage

31
Q

How many ribs are in the thoracic cage?

A

12 pairs

32
Q

What are 2 other components of the thoracic cage?

A

Costal cartilages and the sternum

33
Q

What two bones are in the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle

34
Q

How many bones are in each upper limb?

A

30

35
Q

What is the single bone of the upper arm?

A

Humerus

36
Q

What 2 bones are paired together to make the forearm?

A

Ulna and radius

37
Q

How many bones are in the base of the hand?

A

8

38
Q

How many bones are in the palm of the hand?

A

5

39
Q

How many bones are in the fingers and thumbs?

A

14

40
Q

How many bones are in the lower limbs?

A

30

41
Q

Where is the thigh located?

A

Between the hip joint and the knee joint

42
Q

What is the single bone of the thigh called?

A

Femur

43
Q

What is the patella?

A

The kneecap

44
Q

Which bone is the larger, weight bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg?

A

Tibia

45
Q

What is the fibula?

A

The bone which is thinner and on the lateral leg

46
Q

What are the bones called that are in toes?

A

Phalanx bones

47
Q

What is a joint?

A

Any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together to form a connection

48
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

49
Q

A suture is the narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull, true or false?

A

True

50
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A band of fibrous connective tissue

51
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?

A

To enable movement, maintain posture, protect internal organs and maintain body temperature

52
Q

What controls the skeletal muscles?

A

The nervous system through neuromuscular junctions

53
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

The heart

54
Q

Name the components of the MSK system:

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage
  • Bursa
  • Fascia
55
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres?

A

“Cigar shaped” multinucleate cells

56
Q

What is the connective tissue sheath that covers the muscle fibres?

A

Endomysium

57
Q

What is the name of the courser fibrous membrane which wraps the sheathed fibres?

A

Perimysium

58
Q

What is the name of the tougher connective tissue which is bound to the fibres?

A

Epimysium

59
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tissues which connect muscle to bone

60
Q

What is one location of the hyaline cartilage and what is its function?

A

Between the ribs and bones of the sternum.
Provides stiff and flexible support and reduces friction

61
Q

What is the function of the fibrous cartilage?

A

Prevents bone-to-bone contact, limits relative movement and resists compression

62
Q

What is the function of the fibrocartilage?

A

Stabilises the knee

63
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A small fluid filled sac

64
Q

What is the function of the bursa?

A

To provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint

65
Q

What is a the growth hormone in bones?

A

IGF-1

66
Q

The head of the femur consists of yellow and red marrow but what is the functions of these?

A

Yellow stores fat
Red is responsible for hematopoiesis

Biology & Pharmacology (17 decks)

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