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ANATOMY LAB > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of
the urinary
system

A

Regulate aspects of homeostasis and elimate waste
• Nitrogenous wastes
• Toxins
• Drugs

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2
Q

Major structures of the
urinary

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Blood vessels

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3
Q

Kidneys: function

A

Produce urine as a result of carrying out
the major functions of the urinary system

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4
Q

Bladder:

A

Temporary storage reservoir for urine

full bladder is about 5 inches long and
holds about 500 mL of urine

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5
Q

bladder Trigone

A

triangular region of the
bladder base

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6
Q

bladder * Three openings

A

Two from the ureters
* One to the urethra

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7
Q
  • Urethra:
A

Thin-walled tube Excrete urine from bladder out of the body
by peristalsis

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8
Q

in Urethra Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters are they voluntary and what muscle are they made of

A

Internal urethral sphincter:
involuntary and made of smooth
muscle
* External urethral sphincter:
voluntary and made of skeletal
muscle

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9
Q

Female vs. male
urethra

Length , location, function

A
  • Length
    Female: 3-4 cm
    Male: 20 cm
  • Location
    Female: next to the wall of the vagina
    Male: through the prostate and penis
  • Function
    Female: only carries urine
    Male: carries urine and is a
    passageway for sperm cells
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10
Q

Blood vessels enter/exit the kidney at the hilum

A
  • Renal arteries deliver blood to the kidneys
    for processing
  • Renal veins carry blood away from the
    kidneys
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11
Q

Ureters

A

Pair of tubes (one per kidney)
that run from the kidney to
the bladder

• Peristalsis is aided by gravity
in urine transport

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12
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract, urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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13
Q

urinary bladder wall made up of what

A

detrusor
muscle

Mucosa

  • Walls are thick and folded in an
    empty bladder
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14
Q

detrusor
muscle

A

Three layers of smooth muscle

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15
Q
  • Mucosa made of
A

transitional
epithelium

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16
Q

Location of
the kidneys

A
  • Against the dorsal body wall

The right kidney is slightly
lower than the left (due to
the position of the liver

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17
Q

what feature of the
kidney is the outer region

A

Renal cortex

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18
Q

what feature of the
kidney is inside the cortex

A

Renal medulla

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19
Q

what feature of the
kidney is the inner collecting
tube

A

Renal pelvis

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20
Q

Renal hilum is

A

a medial indentation
where several structures enter or
exit the kidney (ureters, renal
blood vessels, and nerves)

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21
Q

where are the adrenal glands

A

sits atop each
kidney

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22
Q

what type of capsule surrounds each kidney

A

Renal/Fibrous

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23
Q

Renal fascia

A

outermost capsule that helps hold the
kidney in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

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24
Q

renal fascia also divides the fat that surrounds the
kidney into two layers

A

Perirenal fat capsule

pararenal fat

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25
Q

Perirenal fat capsule

A

surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
and helps attach it to the body wall

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26
Q

pararenal fat

A

Outside the renal fascia
helps keep the kidney properly situated

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27
Q

Nephroptosis aka renal ptosis is when

A

n the position changes
and drops in the body cavity this may be due to loss of
perirenal fatRenal (medullary) pyramids

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28
Q

Renal (medullary) pyramids

A

triangular regions of tissue in
the medulla

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29
Q

Renal columns

A

extensions of
cortex-like material inward
that separate the pyramids

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30
Q
  • Calyces:
A

cup-shaped
structures that funnel urine
towards the renal pelvis

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31
Q

how much of total body’s blood volume passes through the kidneys each minute

A

25%

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32
Q
  • Renal artery branches from the abdominal aorta and provides
A

arterial blood to the kidney

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33
Q

structural and functional
units of the kidney and * Responsible for

A

Nephrons

forming urine

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34
Q

nephron Associated with two capillary beds

A

glomerulus
and peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

35
Q

vasa recta

A

long straight interconnected vessels along nephron loop that are needed for the formation of concentrated urine

36
Q

Two major structures of nephron

A

renal corpuscle and
renal tubule

37
Q
  • Renal tubule extends from glomerular capsule
    and ends at the collecting duct
A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
* Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
* Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
* Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

38
Q

Site of filtration

A

– a portion of the blood passes from the glomerular capillaries into the
glomerular capsule

39
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • Knot of capillaries
  • Supplied by afferent arteriole and drained by efferent arteriole
40
Q

Glomerulus Under high pressure

A

– forces fluid and small solutes out of blood and into the glomerular
capsule

41
Q

Glomerulus Covered by podocytes of the…

A

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

42
Q
  • Glomerular capsule Visceral layer:
A

podocytes with foot processes that form part of the filtration membrane

43
Q
  • Glomerular capsule
A

Beginning of the renal tubule
* Encloses the glomerulus

44
Q

Glomerular capsule Parietal layer:

A

outer impermeable wall

45
Q

Peritubular capillary beds arise from

A

efferent arteriole of the
glomerulus

46
Q

Peritubular capillary beds are Normal low pressure.., Adapted for…, Cling close to the…

A

capillaries (unlike the glomerulus)

absorption instead of
filtration

renal tubule to
reabsorb (reclaim) some substances
from collecting tubes

47
Q

Path of filtrate through the renal
tubule:

A

glomerular capsule → proximal
convoluted tubule → nephron loop →
distal convoluted tubule

48
Q

The renal tubule is the site of

A

tubular
reabsorption and tubular secretion

49
Q

Distal convoluted tubules empty into

A

empty into the
collecting duct

50
Q

Collecting duct
* Receives urine from
* Run through
* Delivers urine into the

A

many nephrons

the medullary pyramids

calyces and renal
pelvis

51
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons location and role

A

found at the boundary of the
cortex and medulla
* Play an important role in concentrating urine

52
Q

Types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

53
Q

Cortical nephrons location and makes up how much of nephrons

A

are located entirely in the cortex
Makes up about 85% of nephrons

54
Q

Basic renal
processes

A

Filtration
* Reabsorption
* Secretion
* Excretion

55
Q

Basic renal
processes Filtration

A

: glomerulus to glomerular capsule

56
Q

Basic renal
processes * Reabsorption

A

: from renal tubule to peritubular capillaries

57
Q

Basic renal
processes Secretion

A

: from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule

58
Q

Basic renal
processes * Excretion

A

: from renal tubules out of the body

59
Q

Urine formation: Glomerular filtration

A

: water and solutes
smaller than proteins are forced through
capillary walls and pores of the glomerular
capsule into the renal tubule

60
Q

Urine formation steps

A

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

61
Q

Urine formation. Tubular reabsorption

A

: water, glucose, amino
acids, and needed ions are transported out
of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then
enter the peritubular capillaries

62
Q

Urine formation. Tubular secretion

A

: H+, K+, creatinine, and
drugs are removed from the peritubular
blood and secreted by the tubule cells into
the filtrate

63
Q
  • Urine vs. filtrate
A
  • Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins)
  • Urine is what remains after filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients,
    and necessary ions substances that are not needed
64
Q

urine Yellow color due to

A

e pigment urochrome (from the destruction of
hemoglobin)
* Intensity of color indicates ratio of solutes to water in the urine

65
Q
  • Solutes normally found in urine
A

Sodium and potassium ions
* Urea, uric acid, creatinine
* Ammonia
* Bicarbonate ions

66
Q

urine Specific gravity function and nornmal range

A

is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid
compared with an equal volume of distilled water

1.001 to 1.030

67
Q

Solutes NOT normally found in urine

A
  • Glucose
  • Blood proteins
  • Red blood cells
  • Hemoglobin
  • White blood cells (pus)
  • Bile
68
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Glucose: Glycosuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

High blood sugar levels due to inadequate insulin levels; or can result when active transport mechanisms for glucose are exceeded temporarily

Pathological: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Nonpathological: Excessive carbohydrate intake

69
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Protein: Proteinuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane (proteins are usually too large to pass through); albumin is the most abundant blood protein

Pathological: severe hypertension glomerulonephritis, ingestion of poisons, bacterial toxins, kidney trauma
Nonpathological: excessive physical exertion.

70
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Ketone bodies: Ketonuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Excessive production of and accumulation intermediates of fat metabolism, which may result in acidosis

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets

71
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
erythrocytes: Hematuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Irritation of the urinary tract organs that results in bleeding; or a result of leakage of RBCs through a damaged filtration membrane

Bleeding in the tract: kidney stones, urinary tract tumors, trauma to urinary tract organs Damaged filtration membrane: glomerulonephritis

72
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Hemoglobin: Hemoglobinuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Fragmentation of erythrocytes, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the plasma and subsequently into the filtrate

Hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, severe burns, poisonous snake bites, renal disease

73
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Nitrites: Nitrituria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Results when gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli reduce nitrates to form nitrites

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

74
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Bile pigments: Bilirubinuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Increased levels of bilirubin in the urine as a result

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, gallstones of liver damage or blockage of the bile duct

75
Q

Abnormal urinary constituent
Leukocytes (WBCS): Pyuria

Description

Possible conditions

A

Presence of WBCs or pus in the urine caused by inflammation of the urinary tract

Urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis), gonorrhea

76
Q

Urinalysis steps

A
  • Obtain test strip and urine sample
  • Completely submerge the test pads of the strip
    into the sample
  • Once saturated, remove the strip
  • Let sit for 1-2 minutes
  • Compare test strip to key on the bottle and
    read results
77
Q

micturation

A

voiding of urine

78
Q

Incontinence

A

Lack of voluntary control over the external urethral sphincter

79
Q

Urine an odor and pH and color

A

Slightly aromatic

4.5 to 8

Pale yellow

80
Q

Where would you find the renal coropuscle of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

renal cortex

81
Q

What specialized capillary bed is only associated with juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

vasa recta

82
Q

What impact would long-term dehydration have on the formation of kidney stones? Be sure to mention the role of specific gravity in your answer.

A

Long-term dehydration makes it more likely for an individual to develop kidney stones. Dehydration causes more concentrated urine with a higher specific gravity. High specific gravity means that there are more solutes in the urine (compared to someone who is properly hydrated). Excessive concentrations of solutes can precipitate or cyrstallize into kidney stones.

83
Q

Blood from the cortical radiate artery passes to the glomerulus via the _______________.

A

afferent arteriole

84
Q

Which of the following is a typical sign of pyelonephritis?

A

white blood cell casts

ANATOMY LAB (10 decks)

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