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ANATOMY LAB > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal
organs

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
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2
Q

Accessory organs

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Teeth
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
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3
Q
  • Mechanical digestion:
A

food breakdown by physical forces

Mechanical digestion prepares food for further degradation by enzymes

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4
Q
  • Mechanical digestion: Examples
A
  • Mixing food in the mouth by the tongue
  • Churning food in the stomach
  • Segmentation in the small intestine
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5
Q

Each major food group is broken down by different enzymes

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Fats

A
  • Carbohydrates are broken into simple sugars by enzymes
    such as amylase, lactase, fructase
  • Proteins are broken to amino acids by proteases such as
    trypsin
  • Fats are broken to fatty acids and glycerol alcohols by lipases
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6
Q

Chemical digestion

A

: enzymes breakdown food molecules into their building blocks

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7
Q

Layers of the
alimentary canal

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Musclaris externa
  • Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
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8
Q

Mucosa consisting of:

A

– innermost, moist membrane
consisting of:
* Surface epithelium
* Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria)
* Small smooth muscle layer

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9
Q

Submucosa

A

– just beneath the mucosa
* Soft connective tissue with blood
vessels, nerve endings, and
lymphatics

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10
Q

Serosa –

A

the outermost layer of the wall
contains fluid-producing cells,

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11
Q

Muscularis externa composed of two

A

– composed of two
layers of smooth muscle
* Circular layer
* Outer longitudinal layer

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12
Q

Serosa the outermost layer of the wall
contains fluid-producing cells, consists of
the:

A

Visceral peritoneum

  • Parietal peritoneum
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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

– innermost layer that wraps the canal organs

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14
Q
  • Parietal peritoneum
A

– outer layer that
lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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15
Q

Visceral smooth muscle shows

and examples

A

rhythmic cycles of activity caused by
pacemaker cells

Peristalsis and Segmentation

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16
Q

Peristalsis causes

A

waves that move a
bolus

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

churns and fragments a
bolus

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18
Q

Anatomy of the mouth

A
  • Lips (labia) protects the anterior
    opening
  • Cheeks from the lateral walls
  • Uvula is the fleshy projection of the soft
    palate: speech & direct food
  • Hard palate forms the anterior roof
  • Soft palate forms the posterior roof
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19
Q

Salivary Three pairs of salivary glands empty
secretions into the mouth

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
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20
Q

Saliva

A
  • Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
  • Helps to form a food bolus
  • Contains salivary amylase to begin
    stomach digestion
  • Dissolves chemicals so they can be
    tasted
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21
Q

Deglutition (swallowing) steps during l

A

buccal phase upper esophageal sphincter contracts to close and tongue presses against hard palate, forcing bolus into oropharynx

Pharyngeal esophageal face begins as the uvula and larynx express to prevent food from entering respiratory passageway the tongue blocks off mouth and esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing food to enter esophagus

Constrictor muscles of the Phoenix contracts, forcing food into sausages, the sphincter contracts after food enters

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22
Q

Esophagus
- Anatomy

A

-About 10 inches long
-Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

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23
Q

Esophagus
Physiology

A

-Conducts food by peristalsis
-Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches
off after the pharynx)

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24
Q

Esophagus
Activities of the pharynx and esophagus

A

-They have no chemical digestive function
-Serve as passageways to the stomach

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25
Q

Regions of a tooth

A
  • Crown is the exposed part
  • Neck
  • Root
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26
Q

Regions of a tooth: Crown is the exposed part

A
  • Enamel is the hardest substance in the body
  • Dentin is found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth
  • Pulp cavity contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve
    fibers
  • Foot canal is where the pulp cavity extends into the root
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27
Q

Regions of a tooth: Neck

A
  • Region in contact with the gum
  • Connects crown to root
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28
Q

Regions of a tooth: Root

A

Cementum – covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the
periodontal membrane

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29
Q

Anatomy of the
stomach

A
  • Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
  • Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter
  • Food empties into the small intestine at the
    pyloric sphincter (valve)
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30
Q
  • Regions of the stomach
A
  • Cardiac region is near the heart
  • Fundus is the expanded portion lateral to the
    cardiac region
  • Body is the midportion
  • Pylorus is the funnel-shaped terminal end
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31
Q
  • Rugae are
A

internal folds of the mucosa

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32
Q

stomach * External regions

A
  • Lesser curvature – concave medial surface
  • Greater curvature – convex lateral surface
33
Q

Functions of
the stomach

A
  • Bulk storage of undigested food
  • Mechanical breakdown of food
  • Disruption of chemical bonds via
    acids and enzymes
  • Production of intrinsic factor
  • Temporary storage tank for food
  • Chemical breakdown of protein
    begins
  • Delivers chyme (processed food) to
    the small intestine
  • Site of some food break down
34
Q
  • Gastric juice is regulated by
A

neural and hormonal factors

35
Q

what causes release of gastrin

A

Presence of food or rising pH

36
Q

Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce:

A
  • Protein-digesting enzymes
  • Mucus
  • Hydrochloric acid
37
Q
  • Hydrochloric acid makes the stomach
A

contents very acidic to sanitize

38
Q
  • Acidic pH activates
A
  • Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
  • Provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
39
Q
  • Protein-digesting enzymes
A
  • Pepsin is an active protein-digesting enzyme
  • Rennin works on digesting milk protein in infants, not adults
40
Q

what are some of the very few items absorbed in the
stomach

A
  • Alcohol and aspirin are some of the very few items absorbed in the
    stomach
41
Q

Small intestine:

A
  • Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
  • The majority of chemical digestion begins in the small intestine
42
Q

Small intestine: Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Enzyme produced by :

Prancreatuc ducts carry:

Bile formed by:

A
  • enzymes are produced by intestinal cells and pancreas
  • Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the small intestine
  • Bile, formed by the liver, enters via the bile duct
43
Q

Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve with
three subdivisions:

A
  • Duodenum – attached to the stomach, curves around the head of the
    pancreas
  • Jejunum – attached anteriorly to the duodenum
  • Ileum – extends from jejunum to large intestine
44
Q
  • Ileocecal sphincter
A
  • Transition between small and large intestine
45
Q

Structures of the small intestine
that increase surface area for
digestion and absorption

A

Microvilli

Villi

  • Circular folds (plicae structures) –
46
Q

Microvilli

A

– tiny projections of the
plasma membrane (create a
brush border appearance)

47
Q
  • Villi
A

finger-like structures
formed by the mucosa

48
Q
  • Circular folds (plicae structures)
A

–
deep folds of mucosa and
submucosa

49
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Larger in diameter, but shorter in length than the small
    intestine
  • Frames the internal abdomen
  • Cecum is the sac-like first part of the large intestine
50
Q

Large intestine: Colon parts

A
  • Ascending: travels up the right side of the abdomen
  • Transverse: travels across the abdominal cavity
  • Descending: travels down the left side
  • Sigmoid: enters the pelvis
51
Q
  • Rectum and anal canal, also in
A

pelvis

52
Q
  • Appendix
A
  • Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes
    becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
  • Hangs from the cecum
53
Q

Movements in the large intestine

A

-Sluggish peristalsis
- Mass movements
-defecation
reflex
-Segmentation
- Gastroenteric reflexes
-* Gastroileal reflex

54
Q
  • Sluggish peristalsis
A

is the major means of moving food

55
Q

Mass movements:

A

slow, powerful movements and
occur one to four times per day

56
Q

Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation
reflex

A
  • Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
  • Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary
    (external) anal sphincter
57
Q

Segmentation

A

movements mix chyme with digestive
juices

58
Q
  • Gastroenteric reflexes
A

initiated by stretch receptors in
stomach

59
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

triggers relaxation of ileocecal valve

60
Q
  • Pancreatic duct penetrates
A

duodenal wall

61
Q

Pancreas * Endocrine functions:

A

secretion of insulin and
glucagon

62
Q
  • Exocrine secretions make up
    the majority of
A

pancreatic
secretions

63
Q

pancreatic
secretions

A
  • Pancreatic juice
    secreted into small
    intestine
  • Carbohydrases
  • Lipases
  • Nucleases
  • Proteolytic enzymes
64
Q

Liver

A
  • Largest gland in the body
  • Located on the right side of the body under
    the diaphragm
    -Connected to the gallbladder via the
    common hepatic duct
65
Q

liver consist of four

A
  • Consists of four lobes suspended from the
    diaphragm and abdominal wall by the
    falciform ligament
66
Q

what regulations does liver perform

A

Performs metabolic and hematological
regulation and produces bile

67
Q
  • Histological organization of liver
A
  • Lobules containing single-cell thick
    plates of hepatocytes
  • Lobules unite to form common hepatic
    duct, duct meets cystic duct to form
    common bile duct
68
Q
  • Fats and fatty acids are picked up by the liver but some
A
  • Some are oxidized to provide energy for liver cells
  • The rest are broken down into simpler compounds and
    released into the blood
69
Q

liver * Several roles in digestion

A
  • Manufactures bile
  • large fat globules
  • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
  • Degrades hormones
  • Produces cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and
    clotting proteins)
  • Plays a central role in metabolism
70
Q

Manufactures bile

A

emulsifies fats by breaking up

71
Q

if part of liver is damaged or removed it can..

A

regenerate

72
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Sac found in hollow fossa of liver, hollow, pearshaped organ
  • Stores, modifies, and concentrates bile
73
Q
  • When no digestion is occurring, bile …
A

backs up the
cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder

74
Q

Gallstones

A

are crystallized cholesterol which can
cause blockages

75
Q
  • When digestion of fatty food is occurring, bile is
A

introduced into the duodenum from the gallbladder

76
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice must both pass through the _________________.

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

77
Q

In which region of the stomach does most digestive activity occur?

A

pylorus

78
Q

In a lactose tolerance test, a patient drinks a lactose-rich drink. Their blood sugar is measured right before consuming the drink and then again about two hours later. If the patient is lactose intolerant what do you expect to happen to their blood glucose level?

A

The patient’s blood glucose will remain constant

ANATOMY LAB (10 decks)

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