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ANATOMY LAB > REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries

A

primary sex organs that produce oocytes and hormones

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2
Q
  • Structures of the reproductive tract
A

-Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes)
- Uterus
-Cervix
-vagina

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3
Q
  • Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes)
A

– extend from ovaries to the uterus

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4
Q

Uterus

A

– site of embryo implantation and development

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5
Q

Cervix

A

– narrow, inferior end of the uterus that connects to the vagina

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6
Q
  • Vagina
A

– copulatory organ and the birth canal

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7
Q

Ovaries
* Carry out oogenesis

A

production of the female
gametes (ova or eggs) and
sex steroid hormones
(estrogens and progesterone)

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8
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

– contains
immature egg surrounded by
follicle cells

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9
Q

Uterine tubes Structure

A
  • Two hollow tubes extend from (but do not contact) the ovaries
    and attach to the uterus
  • Fimbriae
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10
Q

Fimbriae

A

– ciliated finger-like projections at the ovary end of the
uterine tubes

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11
Q

Uterine tubes Function

A
  • Collect eggs after they are released from ovary
  • Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs in ampulla of the uterine
    tube
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12
Q

Uterine tubes Pathologies

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Ectopic pregnancy

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13
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

spread of infection (typically from
sexually-transmitted pathogens) into pelvic viscera through
open space between fimbriae and ovaries

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14
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

– zygote (fertilized egg) implants in uterine
tube wall instead of in the endometrium of uterus

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15
Q

Uterus

A
  • Situated between the bladder and the rectum
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16
Q
  • Three regions of the uterus
A

Fundus – superior rounded region above the entrance of the
uterine tubes
* Body – major portion of the uterus
* Cervix – narrow inferior portion

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17
Q
  • Wall of the uterus
A

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

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18
Q

Endometrium

A

the innermost layer, the endometrium is a thick
mucosal lining

  • This is where a developing embryo will implant and develop
  • The superficial stratum functionalis is sloughed off every 28 days,
    in response to ovarian hormone cycles
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19
Q

Perimetrium

A

outermost, serous layer

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20
Q

Myometrium

A

composed of bands of smooth muscle

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21
Q
  • Mons pubis
A

– fatty pad covering the pubic symphysis

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22
Q

Labia Majora

A

Larger, pigmented skin
folds (homologous to the scrotum)

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23
Q
  • Labia Minora
A

– smaller skin folds
enclosed by labia major

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24
Q
  • Vestibule
A

– area enclosed by labia minor, contains clitoris,
and urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

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25
Q
  • Clitoris
A

– composed of sensitive erectile tissue (homologous
to the penis)

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26
Q
  • Urethral orifice
A

– outlet for urine

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27
Q
  • Vaginal orifice
A

– opening into the vaginal canal

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28
Q
  • Hymen
A

– thin mucous membrane that partially or completely
closes the vaginal opening

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29
Q
  • Greater vestibular glands
A

– secrete lubricant (homologous to
bulbourethral glands)

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30
Q

Mammary glands * Primary function:

A

produce milk for infants

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31
Q

Estrogens and progesterone stimulate

A

breast
growth during puberty and pregnancy by
increasing alveoli and lactiferous ducts

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32
Q

Alveoli

A

– mammary glands that produce
milk during lactation

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33
Q
  • Nipple
A

– structure designed to allow
infant to feed

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34
Q
  • Areola
A

– pigmented region around each
nipple

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35
Q
  • Lactiferous ducts
A

– transport milk from
alveoli

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36
Q
  • Lactiferous sinus
A

– stores milk

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37
Q

Oogenesis occurs and is before and undergoes

A

Occurs in the ovary
* Before birth,
cells) undergo mitosis to produce
primary oocytes

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38
Q

Before birth,
cells) undergo mitosis to produce
primary oocytes

A
  • Primordial follicle: Primary oocyte
    surrounded by pre-granulosa cells
  • Primary oocytes have started
    Meiosis I and are arrested in
    Prophase I
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39
Q

Oogenesis At puberty, monthly cycles begin where

A
  • At puberty, monthly cycles begin where
    one primary oocyte will mature and
    continue meiosis
40
Q

Oogenesis Completion of Meiosis I gives rise to a

A

secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte is ovulated;
called an ovum once it is fertilized
Secondary oocyte is arrested in
Metaphase II; will only complete
meiosis if fertilized

41
Q

Ovarian cycle

A
  • monthly fluctuation in estrogens
    and progesterone (hormones
    produced by the ovaries)
  • Monthly maturation of a
    primary oocyte into secondary
    oocyte
  • One secondary oocyte, arrested
    in Metaphase II, will be ovulated
    -Will complete Meiosis II if
    fertilization occurs
  • Induced by LH and FSH
42
Q

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

A
  • Monthly build-up of the stratum
    functionalis of the endometrium
  • Will be sloughed off if no embryo
    implants into the endometrium
  • Induced by the ovarian
    hormones (estrogens and
    progesterone)
43
Q

Ovarian cycle

Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels
Ovarian cycle

A

Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels :fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins in the blood, regulate the events of the ovarian cycle

Ovarian cycle: structural changes in the vesicular, ovarian follicles, and the corpus luteum are correlated with changes in the endometrium of the uterus during the uterine cycle

44
Q

Uterine cycle

Fluctuation of ovarian hormone level
The three phases of the uterine cycle

A

Fluctuation of ovarian hormone level: fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, cause the endometrial changes of the uterine cycle

The three phases of the uterine cycle:
- Menstrual
-Proliferation
-secretary

45
Q

The three phases of the uterine cycle:
- Menstrual
-Proliferation
-secretary

A

menstrual: functional layer of endometrium is shed ( before ovulation follicle phase of OV cycle)

Proliferative : functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt ( before ovulation follicle phase of OV cycle )

Secretary : begins after ovulation, enrichment of the blood supply and secretion of nutrients to prepare the endometrium to receive embryo. ( luteal phase of ovarian cycle)

46
Q

Estrogens and progesterone are produced by

A

the ovaries (and by corpus luteum
when fertilization occurs)

47
Q
  • Estrogen
A
  • Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics
  • Regulates changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
  • Helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
48
Q
  • Progesterone
A
  • Regulates changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
  • Maintains uterine musculature in a quiescent state during pregnancy
  • Helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation
49
Q
  • Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary
A
  • Stimulates breast development
  • Maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth
50
Q
  • Gonadotropins are produced by the anterior pituitary
A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
51
Q
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens
52
Q
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
  • Triggers ovulation
  • Stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
53
Q
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta Maintains…
A

Maintains the corpus luteum and prompts secretion of estrogen and
progesterone by the corpus luteum

54
Q
  • Pill is usually a combination of
A

estrogen and progestin

Some pills are progestin-only

55
Q
  • Pill mimics pregnancy to suppress FSH and LH
A
  • Estrogen stimulates the production of prolactin
  • Prolactin suppresses gonadotropin releasing hormone
    (GnRH)
  • FSH and LH are not released, since they depend on
    GnRH
  • Without FSH and LH, ovarian follicles don’t mature and
    ovulation does not occur
56
Q
  • Progestin is a synthetic form of progesterone
A
  • Thickens mucus in the cervix – makes it difficult for
    sperm to enter the uterus
  • Also suppresses ovulation, but not as consistently as
    estrogen
  • Thins the lining of the uterus – discourages
    implantation of a zygote
57
Q

Testes location

A
  • Located inside the scrotum hanging
    outside the body, attached to the
    perineum
58
Q

Testes function

A
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Production of the male sex hormones
59
Q
  • Intra-scrotal temperature must be at
A

34- 36°C for optimal sperm production

60
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

highly coiled tubules inside testes are sites for sperm
production
* Produce 100-400 million sperm per
day

61
Q
  • Interstitial cells
A

– produce the androgens

62
Q

Epididymides

A
  • Connect testes to the vasa deferentia
  • Site of spermiogenesis – sperm mature and gain the
    ability to swim
  • Sperm storage
63
Q

Vasa deferentia

A
  • Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
  • Enclosed in spermatic cord
64
Q
  • Vasectomy
A

= cutting of both vasa deferentia

65
Q
  • Ejaculatory ducts
A

During ejaculation, receive sperm from vasa deferentia
and secretions from the seminal vesicles and the
prostate gland

66
Q
  • Urethra has three sections
A

Prostatic, membranous (intermediate), and penile
(spongy) urethra

67
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • Secrete 70% of seminal fluid
  • Secretion is viscous, alkaline, and contains
    fructose used by sperm to produce energy
  • Alkaline fluid also neutralizes acids in the
    female reproductive tract
68
Q
  • Prostate gland
A
  • Secretes 30% of seminal fluid
  • Secretion is a milky fluid that activates sperm
69
Q
  • Bulbourethral glands
A

Secrete a thick, clear, alkaline fluid which neutralizes acidic urine residue in the urethra

70
Q

penis * Function:

A

copulatory organ that delivers sperm to the female
reproductive tract

70
Q

penis Composed of

A

three cylindrical erectile tissues with large
vascular spaces

  • 2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
  • 1 ventral corpus spongiosum
71
Q

Penile erection

A

– penis becomes engorged with blood as the vascular spaces in the erectile tissues fill with blood

72
Q
  • Shaft
A

– terminates at the glans, the expanded tip of the penis

73
Q
  • Prepuce (foreskin) and
  • Can be removed in a surgical procedure known
A

– a cuff of loose skin surrounding the glans

as circumcision

74
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (sing. Spermatogonium) undergo mitosis
* Primary spermatocyte – undergoes first meiotic division to
give two secondary spermatocytes

75
Q
  • 2 secondary spermatocytes –
A

undergo second meiotic
division to give 4 spermatids

76
Q
  • Spermatids –
A

undergo spermiogenesis to develop into
spermatozoa (sing. spermatozoon; the functional sperm)

77
Q

male Gonadotropins are produced by the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
78
Q

male Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Stimulates sperm production
79
Q

male * Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Promotes testosterone production
80
Q
  • Testosterone is produced by the testes
A
  • Promotes maturation of the reproductive system
    accessory structures
  • Promotes development of the male secondary sex
    characteristics
  • Responsible for libido
81
Q
  • Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary, but is
    primarily active in females
A
  • Can stimulate testosterone in males
82
Q

Dorsal cylinders that take part in erection

A

Corpora cavernosa and the

single ventral corpus spongiosum surrounds the spongy urethra

83
Q

The seminferious tubules, empty sperm into what before it goes to the epididymis

A

Rete Testes

84
Q

Lying between the seminiferous, tubules
and softly padded with connective tissue are

A

Interstitial endocrine cells

85
Q

Widespread inflammation of the pelvic viscera is a condition called

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

86
Q

The net result of meiosis is four haploid daughter cells each containing a equal share of chromosomes 23 chromosomes. For this reason meiosis two is sometimes called the…

A

Equational division of meiosis

87
Q

Oogenesis begins with primitive stem cells called and where is it located?

A

Oogonia located in the cortex of the ovaries of the developing female fetus

88
Q

When during a female cycle would you be most likely to find a corpus luteum?

A

during the secretory phase

89
Q

When would fertilization be most likely to occur?

A

during the luteal phase

90
Q

when would you expect to see the highest levels of LH in the blood?

A

on the day before ovulation occurs

91
Q

What hormone is responsible for advancement of a primordial oocyte into a mature gamete?

A

FSH

92
Q

Why aren’t spermatids considered to be functional gametes?

A

they have extra cytoplasm and are nonmotile

93
Q

Palatine tonsils inflamed is …

A

Tonsillitis

94
Q

Cirrhosis

A

When liver becomes damaged and hard

ANATOMY LAB (10 decks)

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