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ANATOMY LAB > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Upper division

A

Structures found in the head and neck

External nose, nasal cavity, paranasal, sinuses,pharynx

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2
Q

Lower division

A

Larynx and trachea, bronchi, lungs(includes bronchioles, Avola, ducks, and alveoli)

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3
Q

Upper division and nasal cavity function and structures

A

Filters warms, and voices incoming air and smells

Nostrils ,Conche, and sinuses

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4
Q

Upper division pharynx what it connects and the different regions

A

Connect nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

Nasal pharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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5
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Involved in respiration

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6
Q

Oropharynx

A

Respiratory and digestive functions

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7
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Respiratory and digestive functions

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8
Q

Lower division larynx

A

Prevents food and fluid from entering lungs

Permits the passage of air and produces sound

Composed of cartilagenous, and membrane structure

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9
Q

Cartilages of the larynx, function , and which is elastic or hyaline

A

All are hyaline except epiglottis, which is elastic

Thyroid cartilage: forms framework of larynx and contains Adams apple

Cricoid cartilage : attaches the larynx next to the trachea

Arytenoid Cartilage : anchors the vocal folds

Epiglottis : Closes the opening of the trachea when swallowing

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10
Q

Mucus membranes of the larynx and function and composition

A

Vocal folds or true vocal cords: vibrate with expired air to reduce sound and composed of elastic mucus covered membrane

Vestibular folds or false vocal cords : protect vocal folds and composed of elastic covered mucus membrane

Glottis: slit like passageway between the folds

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11
Q

Lower division trachea connects to what and composition

A

Connect larynx to bronchi

Walls reinforced with C rings of cartilage that allow expansion for swallowing and maintain open airway

Lined with pseudostratified ciliated colon epithelium

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12
Q

Lower division bronchi

A

Series of branching respiratory tubes

Trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi and each bronchus divides into secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi

Broncos into respiratory broncos, which sub divide into Alviola ducks terminating in aveolar sacs

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13
Q

Alveoli components

A

Avola ducks

Avola sacs

Avioli

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14
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Divide from respiratory bronchioles

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15
Q

Alveolar sac

A

Clusters of alveoli

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16
Q

Alveoli

A

Balloon like pockets at the end of Avola ducks

Site of gas exchange

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17
Q

How is the respiratory membrane formed Avola and capillary walls with their fused…

A

Avola and capillary walls with their fused Basement membranes aka blood brain barrier

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18
Q

Lower division lungs

A

Soft spongy organs mostly made of respiratory passageways

Filled the entire thoracic cavity except mediastinum

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19
Q

Why is left lung smaller?

A

Because it’s under the side of the heart

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20
Q

Plural, parietal plural, visceral pleural

A

Pleura: double layered cirrus membrane surrounding each lung

Parietal plural : outer layer attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm

Visceral pleura: inner layer covering external surface of the lung

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21
Q

Inspiration

A

air moves into the lungs

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22
Q

in Inspiration what happens to

Inspiratory muscles
Thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary volume
Intrapulmonary pressure
Air flows to area of

A

contract
increases in size
increases
decreases
lowest pressure (INTO the lungs)

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23
Q

Expiration

A

air moves out of the lungs

24
Q

in Expiration what happens to

Inspiratory muscles
Thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary volume
Intrapulmonary pressure
Air flows to area of

A

all opposite of expiration except

Air flows to area of lowest pressure (OUT the lungs)

25
Q

Tidal volume

A

Normal In-N-Out

26
Q

inspiratory reserved volume

A

Extra in

27
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

EXTRA out

28
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining after EXTRA out

29
Q

Inspiratory Capacity and equation

A

IC = TV +IRV
Max Vol inspiration after expiration quiet breath

30
Q

Vital capacity and equation

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV
The total amount of exchangeable air

30
Q

Functional residual capacity and equation

A

FRC = ERV + RV
Amount of air in lungs after normal breath out

31
Q

Total lung capacity and equation

A

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Max amount of air that could be in the lungs

32
Q

How to use a dry spirometer

A

Dry spirometers cannot measure
the volume of air inspired

Exhale into the mouthpiece of
the spirometer

  • Spirometer records the volume
    of air expired
33
Q

Bronchial sounds

A

produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)

34
Q
  • Vesicular breathing sounds
A

results from air filling the alveolar sacs
* Resembles the sound of rustling leaves

35
Q

Respiratory diseases produce what abnormal sounds

A

Rales – rasping sound
* Wheezing – whistling sound

36
Q

Respiratory diseases
* Obstructive

A

– increased resistance in the airways
decreased rate of air flow due to
bronchoconstriction

  • Examples: asthma, chronic bronchitis
37
Q

Respiratory diseases
Restrictive

A

– lung capacity declines
* Vital capacity is decrease
* Examples: polio, tuberculosis

38
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

– volume of air expelled when subject
takes deepest possible breath and then exhales forcefully and rapidly

Will be reduced in restrictive pulmonary disease

39
Q
  • Forced expiratory volume (FEVT)
A
  • Looks at the percentage of the vital capacity that is exhaled during specific time intervals (T)
  • Will be reduced in obstructive pulmonary diseases
40
Q

what control respiratory
rhythm and rate

A

Neural centers in the medulla and the pons

41
Q
  • Normal rate of respiration:
A

12-18 respirations/minute

42
Q

talking, yawning, coughing, exercise) will modify

A

the
rate and depth of respiration

43
Q

what * Chemical factors can also modify rate and depth of respiration

A
  • Concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
  • Fluctuations in pH
44
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

CO2 diffuses into the blood from tissues

in RBC, CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid) Facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase H2O+CO2 → H2CO3

H2CO3 immediately breaks down into HCO3
- (bicarbonate ion) and H+ H2CO3 → H++HCO3
−

H+ are neutralized by attaching onto hemoglobin. HCO3
- moves into plasma (aka chlorideshift)

45
Q

How the buffer system maintains blood pH If pH decreases (increase in H+)

A

H+ combines with HCO3
- (bicarbonate ion) to form H2CO3

  • This removes free H+ from the blood, buffering against decreases in pH
46
Q

How the buffer system maintains blood pH If pH increases (decrease in H+

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid) dissociates into H+ and HCO3

  • This releases free H+ into the blood, buffering against increases in pH
47
Q

Hyperventilation

A

– fast, deep breathing
* Decreased carbonic acid production in RBCs

  • Results in respiratory alkalosis (higher than normal pH)
48
Q

hypoventilation

A
  • slow or shallow breathing
  • CO2 is not properly removed from body through respiration
  • Results in respiratory acidosis (lower than normal pH)
49
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and lungs

50
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between systematic blood and tissue cells

51
Q

Transportation of respiratory gases

A

Transport a respiratory gases between lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as motive transport

52
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

53
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused membranes a.k.a. blood air barrier

54
Q

How can respiratory volumes be measured?

A

Spirometer

55
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Concavity of left lung that provides space for the heart

ANATOMY LAB (10 decks)

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