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!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Acute renal failure

A

Sudden decline in glomerular filtration rate and concurrent development of uremia

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2
Q

What causes ARF

A

Complete or partial loss of nephrons due to hemodynamic changes
Toxic tubular nephrosis* (aminoglycosides and NSAIDs)
Immunologic disorders
Acute inflammation
Obstruction

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3
Q

ARF pathophysiology

A

↓ glomerular hydrostatic pressure
↑ Bowman’s capsule pressure

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4
Q

CS of ARF

A

Early polyuria, then depression and anorexia, later oliguria and dysuria (azotemia)

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5
Q

Dx of ARF

A

CS
Rectal palpation (enlarged kidneys)
Clin path: azotemia, isothenuria, hyponatremia, hypchloremia, hematuria

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6
Q

Tx for ARF

A

Treat inciting dz (endotoxemia)
Fluid therapy to correct vol and electrolyte imbalances
Peritoneal dialysis (warm lactated ringers)

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7
Q

How to tx oliguric renal failure

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement (mannitol and furosemide, dopamine)

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8
Q

Chronic renal failure

A

Slower, progressive loss of nephrons

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9
Q

Causes of chronic renal failure

A

Progressive glomerular dz
Tubular interstitial dz

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10
Q

CS of chr. renal dz

A

Early polyuria and polydipsia
WL (most common)
Pitting edema due to hypoproteinia from glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

Dx of chr. renal failure

A

Clin path: Azotemia, ↓ Na, Cl and ↑ K, marked proteinuria without hematuria, isothenuria
Rectal: enlarged painful kidneys with pyelonephritis

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12
Q

Tx for chr. renal failure

A

Similar tx to ARF
Limit protein
Prog: grave for progressive glomerular dz

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13
Q

Ulcerative Posthitis & vulvitis

A

Pizzle rot, sheath rot, enzootic balanoposthitis
Small ruminants
Ulcerations on prepuce of males and vulva of females

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14
Q

What causes ulcerative Posthitis & vulvitis

A

Corneybacterium renale and abnormally high levels of urea in the urine (↑ protein in the diet)
Spread by infective material from lesions

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15
Q

Pathophysiology of UP

A

C. renale= normal inhabitant of the skin and hydrolyses to form ammonia → accumulates in hair/ wool around prepuce → damage to cells with necrosis and ulceration

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16
Q

CS of external UP

A

Males: Ulceration around preputial opening, scabs of necrotic material form over ulcers

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17
Q

CS of internal UP

A

Debilitating,Preputial wall thickened, foul-smelling exudate
Females: blisters under tail → progress to inflame vulva

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18
Q

Tx of UP

A

Debride ulcerated area, apply ointment with penicillin or bacitracin

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19
Q

Highest incidence of ulcerative Posthitis & vulvitis

A

Merino and angora weathers due to amount of hair or wool on prepuce

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20
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Uroliths/ urinary calculi in ruminants: feedlots- (struvite) and grazing cattle (silica)
Obstructive: in males

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21
Q

Who is more susceptible to urolithasis

A

Castrated males because the diameter of the urethra is smaller

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22
Q

3 main clinical entities of urolithiasis

A

Urethral obstruction (prox sigmoid flexure)
Rupture of urethra
Rupture of the bladder (dorsal wall of bladder)

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23
Q

Pathophysiology of urolithasis

A

Calculogenic crystalloids concentrated in urine → precipitate out → form crystal nidus → forms center for calculus formation

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23
Q

Dx urolithiasis

A

CS
Rectal palpation: distended bladder
Azotemia (↑ BUN, creat, TP and K)
Aspirate ventral abdominal swelling and heat fluid
Abdominocentesis (copious urine
U/S in small ruminants (fluid line)

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24
Q

Tx of urolithiasis

A

Acidification of urine by adding ammonium chloride to feed
↑ Ca and salt content of feed
Aminopromazine (antispasmodic)
Sx: amputation of urethral process in small rums- cystotomy

25
Q

Urethral obstruction

A

Caused by calculi* (Ca carbonate), blood, neoplasia*, smegma, edema or cellulitis

26
Q

CS of a urethral obstruction

A

Stranguria, mild abdominal discomfort, occasional discolored urine

27
Q

Dx a urethra obstruction

A

CS, rectal palp, catheterization and urethral endoscopy and U/S

28
Q

Tx for urethral obstruction

A

Sx: subischial urethrostomy
Medical: correct fluid, electrolyte imbalances, anti-inflamm. drugs, diuretics, hydrotherapy

29
Q

Ureter/ kidney obstruction

A

Ureteral calculi (Ca carbonate or phosphate) and nephroliths are most common in both

30
Q

CS of a ureter/ kidney obstruction

A

CRF
WL or poor performance
Azotemia and isothenuria

31
Q

Dx a ureter/ kidney obstruction

A

CS, rectal palpation, US to examine retroperitoneal area and detect dilated ureters, dilated renal pelvis, nephroliths and fibrosis in kidney

32
Q

Calculus formation in the ureter/ kidney

A

May be due to accumulation around nidus, or abnormal Ca solubility factors (diet, NSAIDs)
Stone in distal ureter rostral to pelvis brim

33
Q

Tx for ureter/ kidney obstruction

A

Sx if dx before azotemia (ureterostomy or nephrostomy)
Medical: dissolve by acidifying urine (ammonium chloride)

34
Q

Bladder obstruction

A

Ca carbonate or phosphate
Singular large and smooth or small and rough
Predisposed by UTI

35
Q

CS of bladder obstruction

A

Pollakiruia, stranguria or dysuria

36
Q

Dx bladder obstruction

A

CS, rectal palpation (hand and wrist in rectum), transrectal U/S

37
Q

Tx for a bladder obstruction

A

Sx: cystotomy, urethroscopy
Medical: acidifying urine, parasympathomimetics (bethanechol)

38
Q

Most common tumors of the kidney in bovine

A

Secondary lymphosarcomas
Primary tumors (rare): carcinomas

39
Q

Most common tumors of the kidney in small ruminants

A

Sheep get multicentric lymphosarcoma

40
Q

CS of urinary system neoplasias

A

Hematuria, WL, dysruria/stranguria, urethral obstruction, anemia

41
Q

Dx of urinary system neoplasias

A

Rectal exam: mass in bladder or kidney
UA: hematuria, proteinuria, occasional neoplastic cells
Endoscopy and bx
U/S

42
Q

Tx of urinary system neoplasias

A

Sx: bladder tumor removal, nephrectomy

43
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Caused by neuro, bladder, urethral dz, hormonal causes or ectopic ureter

44
Q

Main categories of neuron dz

A

UMN: innervates lining of the bladder (not easily expressed
LMN: easily expressed (most common)

45
Q

Urinary incontinence may be one of the CS seen in_________

A

Rabies

46
Q

CS of urinary incontinence

A

Dysuria/ stranguria, urine scalding of perineum (female), urine dribbling from penis (male)

47
Q

Dx of urinary incontinence

A

No voluntary mictuirition
Rectal palp: enlarged baldder, urine difficult to express (UMN) or easily expressed (LMN)
Sphincter tone: ↓ (LMN)

48
Q

Tx of urinary incontinence

A

Neuro dz: phenoxybenzamine + bethanechol
Bladder/ urethral- sx
Hormonal: estradiol

49
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Immunologic disorder with deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomerular BM or attachment of the anti-glomerular BM ab to the capillary walls

50
Q

T/F: glomerulonephritis is common in small ruminants

A

FALSE: uncommon
Mainly see spontaneous proliferative glomerunephritis and glomerunephritis of pregnancy toxemia

51
Q

CS for glomerunephritis with bovine

A

WL, chr. diarrhea, generalized
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, ↑BUN and creat

52
Q

CS for glomerunephritis with small ruminants

A

Asymptomatic
Neuro signs +/- proteinuria, ketouria, azotemia

53
Q

Dx of glomerulonephritis

A

CS and clin path
Renal bx

54
Q

Acute tubular necrosis

A

Due to hypotension/ ischemia (mastitis, salmonella, heavy metals, amaranthus/ pigweed, etc.)

55
Q

CS of acute tubular necrosis

A

Depression, edema, oliguria then polyuria due to inadequate tubular resorption

56
Q

DX of acute tubular necrosis

A

Electrolyte imbalances
USG <1.02
Hematuria, granular casts and proteinuria
Rectal palpation (renal edema)

57
Q

Tx of acute tubular necrosis

A

IV fluids 0.9% NaCl
Oliguric renal failure: mannitol (or dopamine) + furosemide

58
Q

Enzootic Hematuria

A

Bovine >4y
Usually found in elevated regions where bracken fern (Pteridium aqulinum) grows

59
Q

Chr. bracken fern ingestion

A

Leads to formation of bladder tumors → hemorrhage → intermittent hematuria → death from hemorrhagic anemia

60
Q

CS of enzootic hematuria

A

Intermittent hematuria, anemia

61
Q

Dx of enzootic hematuria

A

Hx and presence of bracken fern
Hematuria
CBC- hemorrhagic anemia
U/S- tumors in the bladder

!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) (10 decks)

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