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!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) > Upper Resp. Tract Dz > Flashcards

Upper Resp. Tract Dz Flashcards

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1
Q

Nasal trauma and fractures

A

Of facial bones, sinuses and turbinates
Caused by fighting, improper restraint and passage of excessively large nasogastric tubes

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2
Q

CS of severe fractures

A

Facial swelling, SQ emphysema, airflow obstruction, stertorous breathing, epistaxis
Secondary bacteria infection (foul breath, mucopurulent nasal discharge)

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3
Q

DX fractures

A

CS and rads

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4
Q

Tx of fractures

A

Sx if severe or breathing compromised
Prophylactic abx (PPG)
NSAIDs (flunixin meglumine)

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5
Q

Differentials for nasal fractures

A

Acute swelling and breathing: snakebite, actinobacillosis, actinomycosis and cellulitis (clostridium, fusobacterium)

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6
Q

Nasal FB

A

Lodged in the nose from scratching nose in atopic rhinitis and aggressive eating habits

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7
Q

Are cattle or small ruminants more prone to get FBs?

A

Cattle!

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8
Q

CS of nasal FBs

A

Irritation from the object→head shaking, sneezing, snorting, frequent nose licking, unilateral discharge or foul breath or ↓ airflow

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9
Q

Dx nasal FBs

A

CS, endoscopy

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10
Q

Differentials for nasal FBs

A

Atopic rhinitis, fungal granuloma, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis
Bots (sheep)

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11
Q

Tx for nasal FBs

A

Manual or trans-endoscopic removal

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12
Q

Nasal tumors and polyps

A

Rare in ruminants (SCC, OSA, and adenocarcinoma)
Cattle (ethmoid adenocarcinoma, unilateral metastasize to LNs and lungs 6-9y)
Sheep (nasal adenocarcinoma in young sheep)

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13
Q

CS for nasal tumors/ polyps

A

Progressive airway obstruction, distortion of facial bones
Dyspnea, stridor, head shaking, nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis, foul breath odor,

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14
Q

Dx nasal tumors/ polyps

A

CS, endoscopy, bx/cytology

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15
Q

Differentials of nasal tumors/ polyps

A

Fungal granuloma, FB, sinusitis, fracture, nasal actinobacillosis or acitnomycosis
Bots (sheep)

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16
Q

Tx for nasal tumors/ polyps

A

SX

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17
Q

Allergic atopic rhinitis

A

Plant pollen or fungal spore presents allergen/ Ags → Ab (IgE) develops → type 1 (immediate) hypersenitivity reaction

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18
Q

Chr. allergen exposure (allergic rhinitis)

A

Leads to chr. tissue damage (mast cell enzymes) → hyperplasia and granulomatous inflamm. (enzootic nasal granuloma)

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19
Q

Which animals are most susceptible to allergic atopic rhinitis

A

Guernsey and Holstein, Jersey
Animals >2y
Warm moist conditions

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20
Q

CS of allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Sneezing, intense nasal pruritus, profuse bilateral mucoid nasal discharge
Enzootic nasal granulomas (white nodules/ flat pink plaques)

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21
Q

Dx allergic atopic dermatitis

A

CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx

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22
Q

Differentials for allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Fungal granuloma, tumor, FB, resp. virus, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis

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23
Q

TX and control for allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Remove allergen or remove animal
Anti-inflamms (dexmeth)

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24
Q

Congenital cystic nasal turbinates in cattle

A

Developmental anomaly where nasal conchae don’t communicate with the nasal cavity then fill with white fluid

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25
Q

CS of congenital cystic nasal turbinates

A

At birth animal has short convex nasal bones, tachypnea, stridor, ↓ airflow and mouth breathing

26
Q

Dx congenital cystic nasal turbinates

A

CS, endoscopy, rads and cytology

27
Q

Tx of Congenital cystic nasal turbinates

A

surgical removal of chonchae

28
Q

Sinusitis

A

Bacterial inflamm. of the paranasal sinuses
Most common in cattle and frontal or maxillary sinus

29
Q

How is sinusitis developed

A

Dehorning or injury to the horns (frontal sinus) or infected cheek teeth (maxillary)
Actinomyces pyogenes and pasteurella multocida
Bots in sheep

30
Q

CS of sinusitis

A

Anorexia and fever initially, then nasal discharge, stridor, foul breath
Discharge/ pus from dehorning site
Head tilt

31
Q

Dx sinusitis

A

CS, percussion, sinus centesis, cytology and cx, rads

32
Q

Differentials of sinusitis

A

Facial fracture
Nasal tumor
Actinobacillosis
Actinomycosis

33
Q

Tx of sinusitis

A

Sinusotomy via trephining + flushing and draining
Sinus flushed daily with dilute antiseptic
Parenteral abx and NSAIDs

34
Q

Controlling sinusitis

A

Dehorn early
Avoid dehorning during raining or dusty conditions, fly control and bandage if needed

35
Q

Pharyngeal trauma

A

Caused by balling guns, dosing syringes, stomach tubes, mouth speculums, rough feeds, foreign objects

36
Q

What leads to abscess formation?

A

Bacterial inflammation (Actinomyces, actinobacillus, pasteurella)

37
Q

CS of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess

A

Profuse salivation, reluctance to swallow solid food, Mucopurulent to hemorrhagic nasal discharge, swelling on palpation
Dyspnea, extended neck, foul odor, dehydration

38
Q

Dx of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess

A

CS, visual examination with speculum and flashlight

39
Q

Differentials of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess

A

Rabies, actinobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis, laryngeal trauma/ abscess/ tumor

40
Q

TX of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess

A

Lance and flush with speculum
Systemic abx and NSAIDs

41
Q

Laryngeal obstruction

A

Caused by abscesses, granulomas, papillomas, trauma (smoke inhalation/ anaphylactic rx), edema and FBs

42
Q

The resp. system is the main target organ for ___________ in ruminants

A

Anaphylaxis

43
Q

CS of laryngeal obstruction

A

Dyspnea, mouth breathing, stertorous breathing, extended neck, excessive salivation, cyanosis

44
Q

DX laryngeal obstruction

A

CS, endoscopy, rads

45
Q

Differentials of laryngeal obstruction

A

Necrotic laryngitis, abscess, actinobacillosis, tumors

46
Q

Tx of laryngeal obstruction

A

NSAIDs, epinephrine, tracheostomy in severe cases
Sx or trans-endoscopic removal of FBs

47
Q

Laryngeal abscess

A

Abscessation of arytenoid cartilages caused by actinomyces pyogenes (secondary to trauma)
Reported in calves and sheep

48
Q

CS of laryngeal abscesses

A

Tachypnea, extended neck, cyanosis, dyspnea with marked stertor over larynx

49
Q

Dx laryngeal abscess

A

CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx and rads (soft tissue swelling around larynx)

50
Q

Tx of laryngeal abscess

A

Tracheostomy, abx, NSAIDs
Guarded prognosis unless tx in early stages

51
Q

Laryngeal granuloma

A

Feedlot cattle
Originate from chr. laryngeal contact ulcers

52
Q

Laryngeal papillomas

A

Caused by papovirus entering laryngeal contact ulcers
Common in feedlot
Forms pedunculated yellow growths over the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

53
Q

Tracheal FBs

A

Inhaled foreign objects lodged in the trachea, and obstruct it

54
Q

CS of tracheal FBs

A

Chr. cough, inspiratory dyspnea, stridor over trachea, extended neck, open mouth breathing and excess salivation

55
Q

Tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture CS

A

Prolonged inspiratory phase of respiration with honking cough is characteristic
Collapsed trachea

56
Q

Tx of tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture

A

External or internal prosthesis

57
Q

Tracheal edema syndrome (tracheal stenosis in feedlot cattle/ honker cattle) forms

A

Acute dyspnea: heavy feedlot cattle in latter 2/3s of feeding period, summer, southern plains
Chr. cough: lighter cattle, sporadic, western plains

58
Q

CS of acute dyspnea

A

Acute onset of dyspnea, local guttural inspiratory sounds over lower trachea, extended neck, open mouth breaking, cyanosis

59
Q

CS of chr. cough

A

Frequent deep hacking non-productive cough, animal unthrifty but otherwise normal in appearance

60
Q

Dx of acute dyspnea

A

Endematous thickening of mucosa and submucosa of dorsal trachea
Tracheal bifurcation with hemorrhage

61
Q

Dx of chr. cough

A

Hyperemia, occasional polyps and cobblestone appearance of mucosa of cd. third of trachea
Thin layer of mucopurulent exudate

62
Q

Tx for acute dyspnea

A

Abx, corticosteroids, stress management (prevent overcrowding, provide shade)

!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) (10 decks)

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