Upper Resp. Tract Dz Flashcards
Nasal trauma and fractures
Of facial bones, sinuses and turbinates
Caused by fighting, improper restraint and passage of excessively large nasogastric tubes
CS of severe fractures
Facial swelling, SQ emphysema, airflow obstruction, stertorous breathing, epistaxis
Secondary bacteria infection (foul breath, mucopurulent nasal discharge)
DX fractures
CS and rads
Tx of fractures
Sx if severe or breathing compromised
Prophylactic abx (PPG)
NSAIDs (flunixin meglumine)
Differentials for nasal fractures
Acute swelling and breathing: snakebite, actinobacillosis, actinomycosis and cellulitis (clostridium, fusobacterium)
Nasal FB
Lodged in the nose from scratching nose in atopic rhinitis and aggressive eating habits
Are cattle or small ruminants more prone to get FBs?
Cattle!
CS of nasal FBs
Irritation from the object→head shaking, sneezing, snorting, frequent nose licking, unilateral discharge or foul breath or ↓ airflow
Dx nasal FBs
CS, endoscopy
Differentials for nasal FBs
Atopic rhinitis, fungal granuloma, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis
Bots (sheep)
Tx for nasal FBs
Manual or trans-endoscopic removal
Nasal tumors and polyps
Rare in ruminants (SCC, OSA, and adenocarcinoma)
Cattle (ethmoid adenocarcinoma, unilateral metastasize to LNs and lungs 6-9y)
Sheep (nasal adenocarcinoma in young sheep)
CS for nasal tumors/ polyps
Progressive airway obstruction, distortion of facial bones
Dyspnea, stridor, head shaking, nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis, foul breath odor,
Dx nasal tumors/ polyps
CS, endoscopy, bx/cytology
Differentials of nasal tumors/ polyps
Fungal granuloma, FB, sinusitis, fracture, nasal actinobacillosis or acitnomycosis
Bots (sheep)
Tx for nasal tumors/ polyps
SX
Allergic atopic rhinitis
Plant pollen or fungal spore presents allergen/ Ags → Ab (IgE) develops → type 1 (immediate) hypersenitivity reaction
Chr. allergen exposure (allergic rhinitis)
Leads to chr. tissue damage (mast cell enzymes) → hyperplasia and granulomatous inflamm. (enzootic nasal granuloma)
Which animals are most susceptible to allergic atopic rhinitis
Guernsey and Holstein, Jersey
Animals >2y
Warm moist conditions
CS of allergic atopic dermatitis
Sneezing, intense nasal pruritus, profuse bilateral mucoid nasal discharge
Enzootic nasal granulomas (white nodules/ flat pink plaques)
Dx allergic atopic dermatitis
CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx
Differentials for allergic atopic dermatitis
Fungal granuloma, tumor, FB, resp. virus, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis
TX and control for allergic atopic dermatitis
Remove allergen or remove animal
Anti-inflamms (dexmeth)
Congenital cystic nasal turbinates in cattle
Developmental anomaly where nasal conchae don’t communicate with the nasal cavity then fill with white fluid
CS of congenital cystic nasal turbinates
At birth animal has short convex nasal bones, tachypnea, stridor, ↓ airflow and mouth breathing
Dx congenital cystic nasal turbinates
CS, endoscopy, rads and cytology
Tx of Congenital cystic nasal turbinates
surgical removal of chonchae
Sinusitis
Bacterial inflamm. of the paranasal sinuses
Most common in cattle and frontal or maxillary sinus
How is sinusitis developed
Dehorning or injury to the horns (frontal sinus) or infected cheek teeth (maxillary)
Actinomyces pyogenes and pasteurella multocida
Bots in sheep
CS of sinusitis
Anorexia and fever initially, then nasal discharge, stridor, foul breath
Discharge/ pus from dehorning site
Head tilt
Dx sinusitis
CS, percussion, sinus centesis, cytology and cx, rads
Differentials of sinusitis
Facial fracture
Nasal tumor
Actinobacillosis
Actinomycosis
Tx of sinusitis
Sinusotomy via trephining + flushing and draining
Sinus flushed daily with dilute antiseptic
Parenteral abx and NSAIDs
Controlling sinusitis
Dehorn early
Avoid dehorning during raining or dusty conditions, fly control and bandage if needed
Pharyngeal trauma
Caused by balling guns, dosing syringes, stomach tubes, mouth speculums, rough feeds, foreign objects
What leads to abscess formation?
Bacterial inflammation (Actinomyces, actinobacillus, pasteurella)
CS of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
Profuse salivation, reluctance to swallow solid food, Mucopurulent to hemorrhagic nasal discharge, swelling on palpation
Dyspnea, extended neck, foul odor, dehydration
Dx of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
CS, visual examination with speculum and flashlight
Differentials of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
Rabies, actinobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis, laryngeal trauma/ abscess/ tumor
TX of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
Lance and flush with speculum
Systemic abx and NSAIDs
Laryngeal obstruction
Caused by abscesses, granulomas, papillomas, trauma (smoke inhalation/ anaphylactic rx), edema and FBs
The resp. system is the main target organ for ___________ in ruminants
Anaphylaxis
CS of laryngeal obstruction
Dyspnea, mouth breathing, stertorous breathing, extended neck, excessive salivation, cyanosis
DX laryngeal obstruction
CS, endoscopy, rads
Differentials of laryngeal obstruction
Necrotic laryngitis, abscess, actinobacillosis, tumors
Tx of laryngeal obstruction
NSAIDs, epinephrine, tracheostomy in severe cases
Sx or trans-endoscopic removal of FBs
Laryngeal abscess
Abscessation of arytenoid cartilages caused by actinomyces pyogenes (secondary to trauma)
Reported in calves and sheep
CS of laryngeal abscesses
Tachypnea, extended neck, cyanosis, dyspnea with marked stertor over larynx
Dx laryngeal abscess
CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx and rads (soft tissue swelling around larynx)
Tx of laryngeal abscess
Tracheostomy, abx, NSAIDs
Guarded prognosis unless tx in early stages
Laryngeal granuloma
Feedlot cattle
Originate from chr. laryngeal contact ulcers
Laryngeal papillomas
Caused by papovirus entering laryngeal contact ulcers
Common in feedlot
Forms pedunculated yellow growths over the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
Tracheal FBs
Inhaled foreign objects lodged in the trachea, and obstruct it
CS of tracheal FBs
Chr. cough, inspiratory dyspnea, stridor over trachea, extended neck, open mouth breathing and excess salivation
Tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture CS
Prolonged inspiratory phase of respiration with honking cough is characteristic
Collapsed trachea
Tx of tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture
External or internal prosthesis
Tracheal edema syndrome (tracheal stenosis in feedlot cattle/ honker cattle) forms
Acute dyspnea: heavy feedlot cattle in latter 2/3s of feeding period, summer, southern plains
Chr. cough: lighter cattle, sporadic, western plains
CS of acute dyspnea
Acute onset of dyspnea, local guttural inspiratory sounds over lower trachea, extended neck, open mouth breaking, cyanosis
CS of chr. cough
Frequent deep hacking non-productive cough, animal unthrifty but otherwise normal in appearance
Dx of acute dyspnea
Endematous thickening of mucosa and submucosa of dorsal trachea
Tracheal bifurcation with hemorrhage
Dx of chr. cough
Hyperemia, occasional polyps and cobblestone appearance of mucosa of cd. third of trachea
Thin layer of mucopurulent exudate
Tx for acute dyspnea
Abx, corticosteroids, stress management (prevent overcrowding, provide shade)
