Urinary system Flashcards by Jasmine

Functions of the Urinary System (2)

Elimination of waste products;
Regulate aspects of homeostasis

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Elimination of waste products (3)

Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs

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urinary system Regulate aspects of homeostasis: (6)

Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production
Activation of vitamin D

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Organs of the Urinary system

 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary bladder
 Urethra

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Against the dorsal body wall
 At the level of T12 to L3

kidneys

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Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels,
and nerves at renal hilus
 Atop each is an ___

kidney; adrenal gland

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Coverings of the Kidneys

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule

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covering that Surrounds each kidney

Renal capsule

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Surrounds the kidney
Provides protection to the kidney
Helps keep the kidney in its correct location

Adipose capsule

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Regions of the Kidney (3)

__- outer region
___-inside the cortex
___-inner collecting
tube

Renal cortex;
Renal medulla;
Renal pelvis

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Kidney Structures (3)

Medullary pyramids
Renal columns
Calyces

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– triangular regions
of tissue in the medulla

Medullary pyramids

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– extensions of cortex
like material inward

Renal columns

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– cup-shaped structures that
funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

Calyces

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Blood Flow in the Kidneys

aorta;
renal artery;
segmental artery;
lobar artery;
interlobar artery;
arcuate artery;
interlobular artery;
afferent arteriole;
glomerulus (capillaries);
efferent arteriole;
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta;
interlobular vein;
arcuate vein;
interlobar vein;
renal vein;
inferior vena cava;

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The structural and functional units of the kidneys; Responsible for forming urine

nephrons

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Main structures of the nephrons

Glomerulus
Renal tubule

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specialized
capillary be; Attached to
arterioles on both
sides (maintains
high pressure)

Glomerulus

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___afferent
arteriole
___efferent
arteriole

Large;
Narrow

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Capillaries are
covered with
____from
the renal tubule

glomerulus; podocytes

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The glomerulus
sits within a
______
(the first part of the
renal tubule)

glomerular capsule

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Renal Tubule (4)

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule;
Proximal convoluted tubule;
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted tubule

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Types of Nephrons (2)

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons

Cortical nephrons

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Found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus  Normal, low pressure capillaries

Peritubular Capillaries

Attached to a venule; Cling close to the renal tubule; Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes

Peritubular Capillaries

Urine Formation Processes (3)

 Filtration  Reabsorption  Secretion

Nonselective passive process; Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls; Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries

Filtration

Filtrate is collected in the ___ and leaves via the ___

glomerular capsule; renal tubule

reabsorption: The ___ reabsorb several materials (4)

peritubular capillaries; Some water Glucose Amino acids Ions

Somere absorption is ___, most is ___  Most reabsorption occurs in the ____

passive; active; proximal convoluted tubule

Materials Not Reabsorbed (2)

-Nitrogenous waste products (3) Urea Uric acid Creatinine -Excess water

Some materials (2) move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules

Hydrogen and potassium ions Creatinine

Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ___

ureter

Characteristics of Urine Used for Medical Diagnosis (5)

color (yellow due to urochrome and solutes); Sterile Slightly aromatic Normal pH of around 6 Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder

Ureters

Continuous with the renal pelvis; Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

ureter

Runs behind the peritoneum ___aids gravity in urine transport

ureter; Peristalsis

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac; Temporarily stores urine

Urinary Bladder

___– three openings Two from the ___ One to the ___

Trigone; ureters; urethrea

Urinary Bladder Wall: Three layers of smooth muscle (___ muscle) Mucosa made of ____

detrusor; transitional epithelium

Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder  Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

Urinary Bladder Wall

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

Urethra

urethra Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters:

Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Urethra Gender Differences  Length: ___– 3–4 cm (1 inch) ___– 20 cm (8 inches)

Females; Males

Urethra Gender Differences Location Females– along ____ Males– through the ___

wall of the vagina; prostate and penis

Urethra Gender Differences Function Females– only carries __ Males– carries ___and is a ___

urine; urine; passageway for sperm cells

Both sphincter muscles must open to allow __

Micturition (Voiding)

The ____is relaxed after stretching of the bladder

internal urethral sphincter

Activation is from an impulse sent to the ___and then back via the ____

spinal cord; pelvic splanchnic nerves

The external urethral sphincter must be ___relaxed

voluntarily

Normal amount of water in the human body Young adult females– __% Young adult males– __% Babies– __% Old age– ___%

50; 60; 75; 45

Distribution of Body Fluid Extracellular fluid volume= __L, __% body weight -Interstitial fluid volume= __L, __% of ECF - Plasma volume= _L, __% of ECF Intracellular fluid volume= __L, __% body weight Total body volume=__L, __% body weight

15, 20 bw; 12, 80 ecf; 3, 20 ecf; 25, 40 bw; 40, 60 bw

Sources for water intake (2)

Ingested foods and fluids Water produced from metabolic processes

Sources for water output (4)

Vaporization out of the lungs Lost in perspiration Leaves the body in the feces Urine production

___is produced if water intake is excessive

Dilute urine

___ is produced if large amounts of water are lost

(concentrated) urine

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption hormones (2)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Aldosterone

this hormone prevents excessive water loss in urine

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

this hormone regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid

Aldosterone

aldosterone is Triggered by the ___ mechanism

rennin-angiotensin

Cells in the __ and __ are active monitors of Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption

kidneys and hypothalamus

Blood pH must remain between ___ to maintain homeostasis

7.35 and 7.45

___– pH above 7.45 ___– pH below 7.35

Alkalosis; Acidosis

Most ions originate as byproducts of

cellular metabolism

Most acid-base balance is maintained by the ___

kidneys

Other acid-base controlling systems (2)

Blood buffers Respiration

Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations

Blood Buffers

Blood Buffers: ___to H+ when pH drops ___H+ when pH rises

Bind ; Release

Three major chemical buffer systems

Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system

Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Bicarbonate Buffer System

___ react with strong acids to change them to weak acids

Bicarbonate ions (HCO–)

___ dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water

Carbonic acid

___ in the blood is converted to ___ and transported in the ___

Carbon dioxide; bicarbonate ion; plasma

Increases in hydrogen ion concentration produces more ___

carbonic acid

Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing ___

blood pH

Urine pH varies from ___

4.5 to 8.0

Functional kidneys are developed by the __month

third

Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age ___

18 months

_____ is common in males

Urinary retention