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AnaPhy FINALS > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Urinary System (2)

A

Elimination of waste products;
Regulate aspects of homeostasis

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2
Q

Elimination of waste products (3)

A

Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs

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3
Q

urinary system Regulate aspects of homeostasis: (6)

A

Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production
Activation of vitamin D

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4
Q

Organs of the Urinary system

A

 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary bladder
 Urethra

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5
Q

Against the dorsal body wall
 At the level of T12 to L3

A

kidneys

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6
Q

Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels,
and nerves at renal hilus
 Atop each is an ___

A

kidney; adrenal gland

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7
Q

Coverings of the Kidneys

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule

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8
Q

covering that Surrounds each kidney

A

Renal capsule

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9
Q

Surrounds the kidney
Provides protection to the kidney
Helps keep the kidney in its correct location

A

Adipose capsule

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10
Q

Regions of the Kidney (3)

__- outer region
___-inside the cortex
___-inner collecting
tube

A

Renal cortex;
Renal medulla;
Renal pelvis

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11
Q

Kidney Structures (3)

A

Medullary pyramids
Renal columns
Calyces

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12
Q

– triangular regions
of tissue in the medulla

A

Medullary pyramids

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13
Q

– extensions of cortex
like material inward

A

Renal columns

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14
Q

– cup-shaped structures that
funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

A

Calyces

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15
Q

Blood Flow in the Kidneys

A

aorta;
renal artery;
segmental artery;
lobar artery;
interlobar artery;
arcuate artery;
interlobular artery;
afferent arteriole;
glomerulus (capillaries);
efferent arteriole;
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta;
interlobular vein;
arcuate vein;
interlobar vein;
renal vein;
inferior vena cava;

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16
Q

The structural and functional units of the kidneys; Responsible for forming urine

A

nephrons

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17
Q

Main structures of the nephrons

A

Glomerulus
Renal tubule

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18
Q

specialized
capillary be; Attached to
arterioles on both
sides (maintains
high pressure)

A

Glomerulus

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19
Q

___afferent
arteriole
___efferent
arteriole

A

Large;
Narrow

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20
Q

Capillaries are
covered with
____from
the renal tubule

A

glomerulus; podocytes

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21
Q

The glomerulus
sits within a
______
(the first part of the
renal tubule)

A

glomerular capsule

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22
Q

Renal Tubule (4)

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule;
Proximal convoluted tubule;
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Types of Nephrons (2)

A

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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24
Q

Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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25
Q

Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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26
Q

Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
 Normal, low pressure capillaries

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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27
Q

Attached to a venule; Cling close to the renal tubule; Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances
from collecting tubes

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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28
Q

Urine Formation Processes (3)

A

 Filtration
 Reabsorption
 Secretion

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29
Q

Nonselective passive process; Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls; Blood cells cannot pass out to the
capillaries

A

Filtration

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30
Q

Filtrate is collected in the ___ and leaves via the ___

A

glomerular capsule; renal tubule

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31
Q

reabsorption:
The ___ reabsorb several
materials (4)

A

peritubular capillaries;
Some water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions

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32
Q

Somere absorption is ___, most is ___
 Most reabsorption occurs in the ____

A

passive; active;
proximal convoluted tubule

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33
Q

Materials Not Reabsorbed (2)

A

-Nitrogenous waste products (3)
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
-Excess water

34
Q

Some materials (2) move from the
peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules

A

Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine

35
Q

Materials left in the renal tubule move
toward the ___

A

ureter

36
Q

Characteristics of Urine Used for Medical Diagnosis (5)

A

color (yellow due to urochrome and solutes);
Sterile
Slightly aromatic
Normal pH of around 6
Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035

37
Q

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to
the bladder

A

Ureters

38
Q

Continuous with the renal pelvis; Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

A

ureter

39
Q

Runs behind the peritoneum
___aids gravity in urine transport

A

ureter; Peristalsis

40
Q

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac; Temporarily stores urine

A

Urinary Bladder

41
Q

___– three openings
Two from the ___
One to the ___

A

Trigone;
ureters;
urethrea

42
Q

Urinary Bladder Wall:

Three layers of smooth muscle
(___ muscle)
Mucosa made of ____

A

detrusor;
transitional epithelium

43
Q

Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure

A

Urinary Bladder Wall

44
Q

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from
the bladder to the outside of the body by
peristalsis

A

Urethra

45
Q

urethra Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters:

A

Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

46
Q

Urethra Gender Differences
 Length:
___– 3–4 cm (1 inch)
___– 20 cm (8 inches)

A

Females;
Males

47
Q

Urethra Gender Differences

Location
Females– along ____
Males– through the ___

A

wall of the vagina;
prostate and penis

48
Q

Urethra Gender Differences
Function
Females– only carries __
Males– carries ___and is a ___

A

urine;
urine; passageway for sperm cells

49
Q

Both sphincter muscles must open to
allow __

A

Micturition (Voiding)

50
Q

The ____is relaxed
after stretching of the bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

51
Q

Activation is from an impulse sent to the
___and then back via the ____

A

spinal cord;
pelvic splanchnic nerves

52
Q

The external urethral sphincter must be ___relaxed

A

voluntarily

53
Q

Normal amount of water in the human
body
Young adult females– __%
Young adult males– __%
Babies– __%
Old age– ___%

A

50;
60;
75;
45

54
Q

Distribution of Body Fluid

Extracellular fluid volume= __L, __% body weight
-Interstitial fluid volume= __L, __% of ECF
- Plasma volume= _L, __% of ECF
Intracellular fluid volume= __L, __% body weight
Total body volume=__L, __% body weight

A

15, 20 bw;
12, 80 ecf;
3, 20 ecf;
25, 40 bw;
40, 60 bw

55
Q

Sources for water intake
(2)

A

Ingested foods and fluids
Water produced from metabolic processes

56
Q

Sources for water output (4)

A

Vaporization out of the lungs
Lost in perspiration
Leaves the body in the feces
Urine production

57
Q

___is produced if water intake
is excessive

A

Dilute urine

58
Q

___ is produced if
large amounts of water are lost

A

(concentrated) urine

59
Q

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption hormones (2)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH);
Aldosterone

60
Q

this hormone prevents
excessive water loss in urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

this hormone regulates sodium ion content of
extracellular fluid

A

Aldosterone

62
Q

aldosterone is Triggered by the ___
mechanism

A

rennin-angiotensin

63
Q

Cells in the __ and __
are active monitors of Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Reabsorption

A

kidneys and hypothalamus

64
Q

Blood pH must remain between ___ to maintain homeostasis

A

7.35
and 7.45

65
Q

___– pH above 7.45
___– pH below 7.35

A

Alkalosis;
Acidosis

66
Q

Most ions originate as byproducts of

A

cellular metabolism

67
Q

Most acid-base balance is maintained
by the ___

A

kidneys

68
Q

Other acid-base controlling systems (2)

A

Blood buffers
Respiration

69
Q

Molecules react to prevent dramatic
changes in hydrogen ion (H+)
concentrations

A

Blood Buffers

70
Q

Blood Buffers:
___to H+ when pH drops
___H+ when pH rises

A

Bind ;
Release

71
Q

Three major chemical buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

72
Q

Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System

73
Q

___ react with
strong acids to change them to weak
acids

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO–)

74
Q

___ dissociates in the presence
of a strong base to form a weak base and
water

A

Carbonic acid

75
Q

___ in the blood is converted to
___ and transported in the
___

A

Carbon dioxide;
bicarbonate ion;
plasma

76
Q

Increases in hydrogen ion concentration
produces more ___

A

carbonic acid

77
Q

Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending
on changing ___

A

blood pH

78
Q

Urine pH varies from ___

A

4.5 to 8.0

79
Q

Functional kidneys are developed by
the __month

A

third

80
Q

Control of the voluntary urethral
sphincter does not start until age ___

A

18 months

81
Q

_____ is common in males

A

Urinary retention

AnaPhy FINALS (11 decks)

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