Blood Flashcards
only fluid tissue in the human body;
Classified as a connective tissue
blood
Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Color range=
pH=
temperature=
Color range= Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet re; Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH= 7.35–7.45
temperature= slighter higher than body
Composed of approximately 90 percent
water
Blood Plasma
dissolved substances blood plasma (6)
Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products
Plasma Proteins (3)
Albumin;
Clotting proteins;
Antibodies
– regulates osmotic pressure
Albumin
– help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
– help protect the body from antigens
Antibodies
Formed Elements:
__= red blood cells
__= white blood cells
___= cell fragments
Erythrocytes;
Leukocytes;
Platelets
main function is to carry oxygen
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes (4)
-Biconcave disks
-Essentially bags of hemoglobin
-Anucleate (no nucleus)
-Contain very few organelles
-Iron-containing protein
-Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Hemoglobin
-Each hemoglobin molecule has ___oxygen binding sites;
Each erythrocyte has ___molecules
four;
250 million hemoglobin
Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease;
are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Leukocytes
Able to move into and out of blood vessels (___); move by ___motion
diapedesis;
ameboid
Normal leukocyte levels are between __ and ___cells per millimeter
4,000 and 11,000
Abnormal leukocyte levels conditions (2)
Leukocytosis
Leukopenia
Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukocytosis
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs
Leukopenia
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained; Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Granulocytes
Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules; Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes (3)
Neutrophils;
Eosinophils;
Basophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Neutrophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms
Eosinophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation
Basophils
Agranulocytes (2)
Lymphocytes;
Monocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune
response
Lymphocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
Derived from ruptured multinucleate
cells (___); Needed for the clotting process
Platelets; megakaryocytes
Normal platelet count =
300,000/mm3
Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (___)
hemocytoblast
Hemocytoblast differentiation:
___stem cell produces lymphocytes
___stem cell produces other formed
elements
Lymphoid ;
Myeloid
Fate of Erythrocytes:
Unable to __, __, and ___
Wear out in ___days
divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins;
100 to 120
Fate of Erythrocytes:
-When worn out, are eliminated by __in the __ or
__
-Lost cells are replaced by division of
___
phagocytes; spleen or liver;
hemocytoblasts
Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a hormone called
(erythropoietin)
__produce most erythropoietin as
a response to ___ oxygen levels in
the blood
Kidneys; reduced
Stoppage of blood flow
Result of a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis
Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation
Explain the process of platelet plug formation (4)
- Collagen fibers are exposed by a break
in a blood vessel - Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
fibers - Anchored platelets release chemicals to
attract more platelets - Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Explain the process of vascular spasm (3)
- Anchored platelets release serotonin
- Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm - Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss
Explain the process of coagulation (5)
- Injured tissues release thromboplastin
- PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
- Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
hair-like fibrin - Fibrin forms a meshwork
(the basis for a clot)
Blood usually clots within __ minutes
3 to 6
Undesirable Clotting conditions (2)
Thrombus;
Embolus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats
freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such
as the brain
Embolus
Bleeding Disorders (2)
Thrombocytopenia;
Hemophilia
Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia
Large losses of blood have serious
consequences
Loss of ___ percent causes weakness
Loss of over ___ percent causes shock,
which can be fatal
15 to 30;
30
are the only way to
replace blood quickly
Transfusions
Blood is “typed” by using ___that
will cause blood with certain proteins to
clump (___)
antibodies ;
agglutination
The most vigorous transfusion reactions
are caused by ___blood group
antigen
ABO and Rh
Rh Blood group is Named because of the presence or
absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(___)
agglutinogen D
– testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Cross matching
The fetal __ and ___ are early sites of
blood cell formation
___ takes over hematopoiesis by
the __month
liver and spleen;
Bone marrow; seventh
