Blood Flashcards by Jasmine

only fluid tissue in the human body;
Classified as a connective tissue

blood

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Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Color range=
pH=
temperature=

Color range= Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet re; Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH= 7.35–7.45
temperature= slighter higher than body

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Composed of approximately 90 percent
water

Blood Plasma

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dissolved substances blood plasma (6)

Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products

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Plasma Proteins (3)

Albumin;
Clotting proteins;
Antibodies

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– regulates osmotic pressure

Albumin

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– help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured

Clotting proteins

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– help protect the body from antigens

Antibodies

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Formed Elements:
__= red blood cells
__= white blood cells
___= cell fragments

Erythrocytes;
Leukocytes;
Platelets

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main function is to carry oxygen

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

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Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes (4)

-Biconcave disks
-Essentially bags of hemoglobin
-Anucleate (no nucleus)
-Contain very few organelles

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-Iron-containing protein
-Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

Hemoglobin

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-Each hemoglobin molecule has ___oxygen binding sites;
Each erythrocyte has ___molecules

four;
250 million hemoglobin

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Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease;
are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

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Leukocytes
Able to move into and out of blood vessels (___); move by ___motion

diapedesis;
ameboid

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Normal leukocyte levels are between __ and ___cells per millimeter

4,000 and 11,000

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Abnormal leukocyte levels conditions (2)

Leukocytosis
Leukopenia

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Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection

Leukocytosis

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Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs

Leukopenia

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Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained; Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils

Granulocytes

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Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules; Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes

Agranulocytes

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Granulocytes (3)

Neutrophils;
Eosinophils;
Basophils

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

Neutrophils

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms

Eosinophils

Have histamine-containing granules Initiate inflammation

Basophils

Agranulocytes (2)

Lymphocytes; Monocytes

Nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response

Lymphocytes

Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection

Monocytes

 Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (___); Needed for the clotting process

Platelets; megakaryocytes

Normal platelet count =

300,000/mm3

Blood cell formation  Occurs in red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (___)

hemocytoblast

Hemocytoblast differentiation: ___stem cell produces lymphocytes ___stem cell produces other formed elements

Lymphoid ; Myeloid

Fate of Erythrocytes:  Unable to __, __, and ___  Wear out in ___days

divide, grow, or synthesize proteins; 100 to 120

Fate of Erythrocytes: -When worn out, are eliminated by __in the __ or __ -Lost cells are replaced by division of ___

phagocytes; spleen or liver; hemocytoblasts

Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a hormone called

(erythropoietin)

__produce most erythropoietin as a response to ___ oxygen levels in the blood

Kidneys; reduced

 Stoppage of blood flow  Result of a break in a blood vessel

Hemostasis

Hemostasis involves three phases

Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation

Explain the process of platelet plug formation (4)

1. Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel 2. Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers 3. Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets 4. Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

Explain the process of vascular spasm (3)

1. Anchored platelets release serotonin 2. Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm 3. Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

Explain the process of coagulation (5)

1. Injured tissues release thromboplastin 2. PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade 3. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme) 4. Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin 5. Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)

Blood usually clots within __ minutes

3 to 6

Undesirable Clotting conditions (2)

Thrombus; Embolus

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart

Thrombus

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

Embolus

Bleeding Disorders (2)

Thrombocytopenia; Hemophilia

Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

Thrombocytopenia

Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing

Hemophilia

Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of ___ percent causes weakness Loss of over ___ percent causes shock, which can be fatal

15 to 30; 30

are the only way to replace blood quickly

Transfusions

Blood is “typed” by using ___that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (___)

antibodies ; agglutination

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ___blood group antigen

ABO and Rh

Rh Blood group is Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (___)

agglutinogen D

– testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

Cross matching

The fetal __ and ___ are early sites of blood cell formation ___ takes over hematopoiesis by the __month

liver and spleen; Bone marrow; seventh