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AnaPhy FINALS > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

only fluid tissue in the human body;
Classified as a connective tissue

A

blood

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2
Q

Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Color range=
pH=
temperature=

A

Color range= Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet re; Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH= 7.35–7.45
temperature= slighter higher than body

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3
Q

Composed of approximately 90 percent
water

A

Blood Plasma

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4
Q

dissolved substances blood plasma (6)

A

Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products

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5
Q

Plasma Proteins (3)

A

Albumin;
Clotting proteins;
Antibodies

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6
Q

– regulates osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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7
Q

– help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

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8
Q

– help protect the body from antigens

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Formed Elements:
__= red blood cells
__= white blood cells
___= cell fragments

A

Erythrocytes;
Leukocytes;
Platelets

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10
Q

main function is to carry oxygen

A

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

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11
Q

Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes (4)

A

-Biconcave disks
-Essentially bags of hemoglobin
-Anucleate (no nucleus)
-Contain very few organelles

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12
Q

-Iron-containing protein
-Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

-Each hemoglobin molecule has ___oxygen binding sites;
Each erythrocyte has ___molecules

A

four;
250 million hemoglobin

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14
Q

Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease;
are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles

A

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

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15
Q

Leukocytes
Able to move into and out of blood vessels (___); move by ___motion

A

diapedesis;
ameboid

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16
Q

Normal leukocyte levels are between __ and ___cells per millimeter

A

4,000 and 11,000

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17
Q

Abnormal leukocyte levels conditions (2)

A

Leukocytosis
Leukopenia

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18
Q

Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection

A

Leukocytosis

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19
Q

Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs

A

Leukopenia

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20
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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21
Q

Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained; Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils

A

Granulocytes

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22
Q

Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules; Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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23
Q

Granulocytes (3)

A

Neutrophils;
Eosinophils;
Basophils

24
Q

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

25
Q

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms

A

Eosinophils

26
Q

Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation

A

Basophils

27
Q

Agranulocytes (2)

A

Lymphocytes;
Monocytes

28
Q

Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune
response

A

Lymphocytes

29
Q

Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection

A

Monocytes

30
Q

 Derived from ruptured multinucleate
cells (___); Needed for the clotting process

A

Platelets; megakaryocytes

31
Q

Normal platelet count =

A

300,000/mm3

32
Q

Blood cell formation
 Occurs in red bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

33
Q

All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (___)

A

hemocytoblast

34
Q

Hemocytoblast differentiation:
___stem cell produces lymphocytes
___stem cell produces other formed
elements

A

Lymphoid ;
Myeloid

35
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes:
 Unable to __, __, and ___
 Wear out in ___days

A

divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins;
100 to 120

36
Q

Fate of Erythrocytes:
-When worn out, are eliminated by __in the __ or
__
-Lost cells are replaced by division of
___

A

phagocytes; spleen or liver;
hemocytoblasts

37
Q

Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a hormone called

A

(erythropoietin)

38
Q

__produce most erythropoietin as
a response to ___ oxygen levels in
the blood

A

Kidneys; reduced

39
Q

 Stoppage of blood flow
 Result of a break in a blood vessel

A

Hemostasis

40
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A

Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

41
Q

Explain the process of platelet plug formation (4)

A
  1. Collagen fibers are exposed by a break
    in a blood vessel
  2. Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
    fibers
  3. Anchored platelets release chemicals to
    attract more platelets
  4. Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
42
Q

Explain the process of vascular spasm (3)

A
  1. Anchored platelets release serotonin
  2. Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
    to spasm
  3. Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
    decreasing blood loss
43
Q

Explain the process of coagulation (5)

A
  1. Injured tissues release thromboplastin
  2. PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
  3. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
  4. Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
    hair-like fibrin
  5. Fibrin forms a meshwork
    (the basis for a clot)
44
Q

Blood usually clots within __ minutes

A

3 to 6

45
Q

Undesirable Clotting conditions (2)

A

Thrombus;
Embolus

46
Q

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart

A

Thrombus

47
Q

A thrombus that breaks away and floats
freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such
as the brain

A

Embolus

48
Q

Bleeding Disorders (2)

A

Thrombocytopenia;
Hemophilia

49
Q

Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting

A

Thrombocytopenia

50
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing

A

Hemophilia

51
Q

Large losses of blood have serious
consequences
Loss of ___ percent causes weakness
Loss of over ___ percent causes shock,
which can be fatal

A

15 to 30;
30

52
Q

are the only way to
replace blood quickly

A

Transfusions

53
Q

Blood is “typed” by using ___that
will cause blood with certain proteins to
clump (___)

A

antibodies ;
agglutination

54
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions
are caused by ___blood group
antigen

A

ABO and Rh

55
Q

Rh Blood group is Named because of the presence or
absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(___)

A

agglutinogen D

56
Q

– testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A

Cross matching

57
Q

The fetal __ and ___ are early sites of
blood cell formation
___ takes over hematopoiesis by
the __month

A

liver and spleen;
Bone marrow; seventh

AnaPhy FINALS (11 decks)

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