Digestive system Flashcards by Jasmine

Breakdown of ingested food
Absorption of nutrients into the blood

Digestion

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Production of cellular energy (ATP)
Constructive and degradative cellular
activities

Metabolism

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– continuous coiled hollow
tube

Alimentary canal

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Two main groups; Organs of the Digestive System

Alimentary canal
accessory digestive organs

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Organs of the Alimentary Canal (7)

 Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Anus

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy: 9

Lips (labia);
Cheeks;
Hard palate;
Soft palate;
Uvula;
Vestibule;
Oral cavity;
Tongue;
Tonsil

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

– protect the anterior opening

Lips (labia)

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

– form the
lateral walls

Cheeks

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:
– forms
the anterior roof

Hard palate

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

– forms
the posterior roof

Soft palate

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

– fleshy
projection of the
soft palate

Uvula

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

– space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally

Vestibule

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

___– area
contained by the
teeth

Oral cavity

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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy:

– attached at
hyoid and styloid
processes of the
skull, and by the
lingual frenulum

Tongue

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Tonsils (2)

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil

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Processes of the Mouth:

 ___(chewing) of food
 Mixing masticated food with ____
 Initiation of swallowing by the ___
 Allowing for the sense of ___

Mastication;
saliva;
tongue;
taste

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Pharynx Anatomy (3)

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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Pharynx Anatomy:

___not part of the
digestive system

Nasopharynx

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Pharynx Anatomy:

posterior to oral
cavity

Oropharynx

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Pharynx Anatomy:

below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

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Serves as a passageway for air and food

pharynx

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Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers:

Longitudinal inner layer
Circular outer layer

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Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(___)

peristalsis

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Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm; Conducts food by peristalsis;
Passageway for food only

esophagus

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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs (4)

Mucosa submucosa Muscularis externa serosa

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs (Mucosa)

Innermost layer Moist membrane

Surface epithelium Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) Small smooth muscle layer

Moist membrane (mucosa`)

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs: beneath the mucosa; Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics

Submucosa

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs: – smooth muscle

Muscularis externa

layers of Muscularis externa

Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer

Outermost layer– ___ Layer of serous fluid-producing cell

serosa: peritoneum

All are part of the autonomic nervous system

Alimentary Canal Nerve Plexuses

Three separate networks of nerve fibers of alimentary canal

Submucosal nerve plexus Myenteric nerve plexus Subserous plexus

__- Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity  Food enters at the ___

stomach; cardioesophageal sphincter

Regions of the stomach (4)

Cardiac region Fundus Body Phylorus

Regions of the stomach: – near the heart – funnel-shaped terminal end

Cardiac region; Phylorus

Food empties into the small intestine at the _____

pyloric sphincter

– internal folds of the mucosa of stomach

Rugae

External regions of stomach

Lesser curvature Greater curvature

Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach (2)

Lesser omentum; Greater omentum

____– attaches the liver to the lesser curvature ____– attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall

Lesser omentum; Greater omentum

Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs

Layers of peritoneum

Stomach Functions (4)

storage tank for food; Site of food breakdown; Chemical breakdown of protein; Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine

Specialized Mucosa of the Stomach

Simple columnar epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium (5)

Mucous neck cells; Gastric glands; Chief cells; Parietal cells; Endocrine cells

____– produce a sticky alkaline mucus ____– secrete gastric juice

Mucous neck cells; Gastric glands

cells: ___– produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) ____– produce hydrochloric acid ____– produce gastrin

Chief cells; Parietal cells; Endocrine cells

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa ____ formed by folded mucosa  Glands and specialized cells are in the ___

Gastric pits; gastric gland region

The body’s major digestive organ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood

Small Intestine

small intestine is a Muscular tube extending from the ____ to the ___

pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve

____ is Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the ___

small intestine; mesentery

Subdivisions of the Small Intestine (3)

Duodenum; Jejunum; Ileum

Attached to the stomach Curves around the head of the pancreas

Duodenum

Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum

Jejunum

Extends from jejunum to large intestine

Ileum

Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme for chemical digestion in s. intestine

Intestinal cells Pancreas

Bile enters from the ____

gall bladder

Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa  Give the small intestine more surface area

vili (s. intestine)

Small projections of the plasma membrane  Found on absorptive cells

Microvilli (s. intestine)

Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients (3): __ __ __- specialized lymphatic capillaries

Absorptive cells  Blood capillaries  Lacteals

Folds of the Small Intestine

circular folds or plicae circulares

Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa  Do not disappear when filled with food

circular folds or plicae circulares

The submucosa has ____ (collections of lymphatic tissue

Peyer’s patches

Larger in diameter, but shorter; Frames the internal abdomen

large intestine

Functions of the Large Intestine (4)

water absorption Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces Does not participate in digestion of food produce mucus to act as a lubricant (Goblet cells)

Structures of the Large Intestine (5)

Cecum; Appendix; Colon; Rectum Anus

–saclike first part of the large intestine

Cecum

Hangs from the cecum

Appendix

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (___)

appendicitis

Colon (4)

Ascending Transverse Descending S-shaped sigmoidal

– external body opening

Anus

Modifications to the Muscularis Externa in the Large Intestine:  Smooth muscle is reduced to ___  ____ have some degree of tone  Walls are formed into pocketlike sacs called ___

three bands (teniae coli); Muscle bands; haustra