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AnaPhy FINALS > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

known as the lymph
vessel

A

lymphatics

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2
Q

help maintain the body’s fluid
balance, absorb fats from the
digestive tract, and provide
immune defense against
microorganisms and disease

A

lymphatics

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3
Q

form an elaborate drainage
system that picks up this
excess interstitial fluid(lymph)
and returns it to the blood

A

lymphatics

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4
Q

a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

A

lymph; lymphatic fluid;

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5
Q

contains many substances, including
proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer
cells and germs.

A

Lymph

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6
Q

____are kidney-shaped, about 1
centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous
capsule ____that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

A

Lymph nodes;
trabeculae

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7
Q

help protect the body by removing foreign
material such as bacteria and tumor cells from
the lymphatic stream and by providing a place
where lymphocytes that function in the immune
response can be activated

A

lymph nodes

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8
Q

regional lymph nodes

A

cervical
axillary
inguinal

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9
Q

___is a soft organ located in the left side of the
abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that
curls around the anterolateral aspect of the
stomach.

A

Spleen

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10
Q

filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and
other debris; provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and
immune surveillance

A

spleen

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11
Q

destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of
their breakdown products to the liver.

A

spleen

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12
Q

organ primarily
responsible for
the production
and maturation
of immunecells

A

thymus

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13
Q

small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the
mucosa surrounding the pharynx

A

tonsils

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14
Q

Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other
foreign pathogens entering the throat.

A

tonsils

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15
Q

Resembles like tonsils

A

peyer’s patch

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16
Q

Peyer’s patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are
part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues
referred to as ____

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)

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17
Q

acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory
and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of
foreign matter entering those cavities.

A

Peyer’s Patch and Appendix

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18
Q

First line of defense: 3

A

Skin
mucous membranes
secretion of skin and mucous membranes

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19
Q

Second line of defense (5)

A

Phagocytic cells
Natural Killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
fever

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20
Q

Third line of defense (3)

A

Lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages/antigen-presenting cells

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21
Q

Surface membrane barriers:
Intact skin (2)
Intact mucous membranes (6)

A

Intact skin:
Acid mantle
keratin
Intact mucous membranes:
mucus
nasal hairs
cilia
gastric juice
vagina acid mantle
lacrimal secretion; saliva

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22
Q

unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can
lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body
cells, or any nonspecific targets

A

Natural Killer Cells

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23
Q

They attack the target cell’s membrane and release
lytic chemicals called ___, which pokes holes in
the membrane, and ___ (enzymes), which
degrade target cell contents.

A

NK cells;
perforin;
granzymes

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24
Q

a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever
body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory Response

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25
Q

four most common cardinal signs of acute
inflammation are

A

redness, heat, pain, and swelling
(edema)

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26
Q

A ___, such as a macrophage or neutrophil,
engulfs a foreign particle by the process of ___

A

phagocyte;
phagocytosis

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27
Q

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins
that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much
like inactive clotting proteins.

A

complement antimicrobial proteins

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28
Q

complement antimicrobial proteins Initiates ___

A

opsonization

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29
Q

any of several related
proteins that are produced by
the
body’s cells as a
defensive response to viruses.

A

interferon

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30
Q

They are important
modulators of the immune
response; can also combat
bacterial and parasitic
infections, inhibit cell division,
and promote or impede the
differentiation of cells

A

Interferons

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31
Q

abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic
response to invading microorganisms.

A

Fever

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32
Q

Normally the thermostat is set at approximately
___), but it can be reset upward in
response to ___(chemicals secreted by white
blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign
cells or substances in the body)

A

37°C (98.6°F;
pyrogens

33
Q

a functional system that recognizes foreign
molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or
destroy them.

A

Adaptive Immune System

34
Q

Aspects of Adaptive Immunity (3)

A

it is:
antigen specific
systemic
has memory

35
Q

Also known as
antibody mediated
immunity,; A defense provided
by antibodies(immune
proteins) present in the body’s
“humors,” or fluids.

A

Humoral immunity

36
Q

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective
factor is living cells (lymphocytes).

A

cellular immunity

37
Q

lymphocytes act against such targets either
directly, by lysing the foreign cells, or indirectly, by
releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory
response or activate other immune cells.

A

cellular immunity

38
Q

any substance capable of provoking an
immune response.

A

antigen

39
Q

Like all blood cells, ____originate from
hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

A

lymphocytes

40
Q

The ____released
from the marrow are essentially identical.

A

immature (called naive) lymphocytes

41
Q

a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell
or a T cell depending on where in the body it
becomes ____

A

immunocompetent

42
Q

___, constitute the cell-mediated arm of the
adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.
 ___can recognize and eliminate specific
virus-infected or tumor cells.

A

T cell;
T lymphocytes

43
Q

T cells arise from ___that migrate to the __
 it Undergoes a maturation process lasting _-__ days,
directed by thymic hormones (___and others)

A

lymphocytes ;
thymus;
2 to 3;
thymosin

44
Q

, produce antibodies and
oversee humoral immunity

A

B – lymphocytes or B cells

45
Q

__develop immunocompetence in bone marrow,

A

B cells

46
Q

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells
and B cells migrate to the __ and ___
(and loose connective tissues), where their
encounters with ___will occur

A

lymph nodes and spleen;
antigens

47
Q

Mature lymphocytes, especially ___, circulate
continuously through the body

A

T cells

48
Q

___become immunocompetent before meeting the antigens they may later attack.
Thus, it is our __, not ___, that determine
what foreign substances our immune system will
be able to __ and __

A

Lymphocytes ;
genes;
antigens;
recognize and resist.

49
Q

engulf antigens and then present fragments of
them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where
they can be recognized by T cells.

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells

50
Q

The major types of cells acting as APCs are
____(found in the connective tissues and epidermis), ___(lymphoid organs), and ___

A

dendritic cells ;
macrophages ;
B lymphocytes.

51
Q

The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to
grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of
cells exactly like itself and bearing the same
antigen-specific receptors

A

Humoral Immune Response

52
Q

active immunity is acquired:
naturally = ____
artificially= ___

A

naturally= bacterial and viral infection
artificially= vaccination

53
Q

___ spare us most of the signs and
symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that
would otherwise occur during the primary response
and

A

vaccines

54
Q

____, a phenomenon in which a population
of people are generally protected because most of a
given population is immune to a disease or infection

A

Herd immunity

55
Q

refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to
protect against infection; it gives immediate, but
short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4
months at most.

A

Passive Immunity

56
Q

this immunity is acquired by a fetus
when it receives maternal antibodies

A

Natural Passive immunity

57
Q

this immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or
gamma globulin

A

Artificial Passive immunity

58
Q

are proteins made in laboratories that act like
proteins called antibodies in our bodies.

A

Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs)

59
Q

“___” refers to the fact that the
antibodies created in the laboratory are clones.

A

monoclonal

60
Q

also referred to as
immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of
blood proteins.

A

Antibodies

61
Q

are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen,
and they are capable of
binding specifically with that antigen.

A

Antibodies

62
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways (5)

A

complement fixation, neutralization,
agglutination,
opsonization, and
precipitation

63
Q

occurs when antibodies bind to
specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a
cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic
proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can
cause cell injury

A

Neutralization

64
Q

___is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by
phagocytes.

A

Opsonization

65
Q

formation of clumps of cells or inert particles

A

Agglutination

66
Q

____ cells specialize
in killing virus infected, cancer,
or foreign graft cells directly

A

Cytotoxic T

67
Q

____ that act as the“directors” or “managers” of
the adaptive immune response.
 Once activated, they circulate through the body,
recruiting other cells to fight the invaders.

A

T cells

68
Q

T helper cells release cytokine to: (3)

A

(1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow
and divide;
 (2) attracting other types of protective white blood
cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and
 (3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf
and destroy microorganisms

69
Q

release chemicals that suppress the activity of both
T and B cells.

A

T regulatory cells

70
Q

are vital for winding down and
stopping the immune response after an antigen has
been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

A

Regulatory T cells

71
Q

helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary
immune system activity, which often harms healthy
tissues

A

Regulatory T cells

72
Q

Organ Transplant and Rejection (4)

A

Autografts
Isografts
Allografts
Xenografts

73
Q

___are tissue grafts transplanted from one
site to another in the same person

A

Autografts

74
Q

___are tissue grafts donated by a genetically
identical person, the only example being an
identical twin

A

Isografts

75
Q

are tissue grafts taken from a person
other than an identical twin

A

Allografts

76
Q

are tissue grafts harvested from a
different animal species, such as a porcine (pig)
heart valve transplanted into a human.

A

Xenografts

77
Q

Drugs that prevent your immune system from
attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.

A

Immunosuppressive Theraphy

78
Q

___to suppress inflammation,
_____ to prevent division of
immune cells, and immunosuppressor drugs.

A

corticosteroids ;
antiproliferative drugs

AnaPhy FINALS (11 decks)

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