Lymphatic system Flashcards by Jasmine

known as the lymph
vessel

lymphatics

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help maintain the body’s fluid
balance, absorb fats from the
digestive tract, and provide
immune defense against
microorganisms and disease

lymphatics

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form an elaborate drainage
system that picks up this
excess interstitial fluid(lymph)
and returns it to the blood

lymphatics

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a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

lymph; lymphatic fluid;

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contains many substances, including
proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer
cells and germs.

Lymph

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____are kidney-shaped, about 1
centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous
capsule ____that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

Lymph nodes;
trabeculae

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help protect the body by removing foreign
material such as bacteria and tumor cells from
the lymphatic stream and by providing a place
where lymphocytes that function in the immune
response can be activated

lymph nodes

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regional lymph nodes

cervical
axillary
inguinal

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___is a soft organ located in the left side of the
abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that
curls around the anterolateral aspect of the
stomach.

Spleen

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filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and
other debris; provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and
immune surveillance

spleen

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destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of
their breakdown products to the liver.

spleen

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organ primarily
responsible for
the production
and maturation
of immunecells

thymus

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small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the
mucosa surrounding the pharynx

tonsils

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Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other
foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

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Resembles like tonsils

peyer’s patch

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Peyer’s patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are
part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues
referred to as ____

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)

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acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory
and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of
foreign matter entering those cavities.

Peyer’s Patch and Appendix

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First line of defense: 3

Skin
mucous membranes
secretion of skin and mucous membranes

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Second line of defense (5)

Phagocytic cells
Natural Killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
fever

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Third line of defense (3)

Lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages/antigen-presenting cells

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Surface membrane barriers:
Intact skin (2)
Intact mucous membranes (6)

Intact skin:
Acid mantle
keratin
Intact mucous membranes:
mucus
nasal hairs
cilia
gastric juice
vagina acid mantle
lacrimal secretion; saliva

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unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can
lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body
cells, or any nonspecific targets

Natural Killer Cells

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They attack the target cell’s membrane and release
lytic chemicals called ___, which pokes holes in
the membrane, and ___ (enzymes), which
degrade target cell contents.

NK cells;
perforin;
granzymes

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a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever
body tissues are injured

Inflammatory Response

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four most common cardinal signs of acute inflammation are

redness, heat, pain, and swelling (edema)

A ___, such as a macrophage or neutrophil, engulfs a foreign particle by the process of ___

phagocyte; phagocytosis

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins.

complement antimicrobial proteins

complement antimicrobial proteins Initiates ___

opsonization

any of several related proteins that are produced by the body’s cells as a defensive response to viruses.

interferon

They are important modulators of the immune response; can also combat bacterial and parasitic infections, inhibit cell division, and promote or impede the differentiation of cells

Interferons

abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms.

Fever

Normally the thermostat is set at approximately ___), but it can be reset upward in response to ___(chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body)

37°C (98.6°F; pyrogens

a functional system that recognizes foreign molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or destroy them.

Adaptive Immune System

Aspects of Adaptive Immunity (3)

it is: antigen specific systemic has memory

Also known as antibody mediated immunity,; A defense provided by antibodies(immune proteins) present in the body’s “humors,” or fluids.

Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells (lymphocytes).

cellular immunity

lymphocytes act against such targets either directly, by lysing the foreign cells, or indirectly, by releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other immune cells.

cellular immunity

any substance capable of provoking an immune response.

antigen

Like all blood cells, ____originate from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

lymphocytes

The ____released from the marrow are essentially identical.

immature (called naive) lymphocytes

a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell or a T cell depending on where in the body it becomes ____

immunocompetent

___, constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.  ___can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.

T cell; T lymphocytes

T cells arise from ___that migrate to the __  it Undergoes a maturation process lasting _-__ days, directed by thymic hormones (___and others)

lymphocytes ; thymus; 2 to 3; thymosin

, produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity

B – lymphocytes or B cells

__develop immunocompetence in bone marrow,

B cells

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells and B cells migrate to the __ and ___ (and loose connective tissues), where their encounters with ___will occur

lymph nodes and spleen; antigens

Mature lymphocytes, especially ___, circulate continuously through the body

T cells

___become immunocompetent before meeting the antigens they may later attack. Thus, it is our __, not ___, that determine what foreign substances our immune system will be able to __ and __

Lymphocytes ; genes; antigens; recognize and resist.

engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

The major types of cells acting as APCs are ____(found in the connective tissues and epidermis), ___(lymphoid organs), and ___

dendritic cells ; macrophages ; B lymphocytes.

The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of cells exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

Humoral Immune Response (clonal selection)

active immunity is acquired: naturally = ____ artificially= ___

naturally= bacterial and viral infection artificially= vaccination

___ spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response and

vaccines

____, a phenomenon in which a population of people are generally protected because most of a given population is immune to a disease or infection

Herd immunity

refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate, but short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.

Passive Immunity

this immunity is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies

Natural Passive immunity

this immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

Artificial Passive immunity

are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs)

“___” refers to the fact that the antibodies created in the laboratory are clones.

monoclonal

also referred to as immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins.

Antibodies

are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen.

Antibodies

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways (5)

complement fixation, neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, and precipitation

occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cell injury

Neutralization

___is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.

Opsonization

formation of clumps of cells or inert particles

Agglutination

____ cells specialize in killing virus infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly

Cytotoxic T

____ that act as the“directors” or “managers” of the adaptive immune response.  Once activated, they circulate through the body, recruiting other cells to fight the invaders.

T cells

T helper cells release cytokine to: (3)

(1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide;  (2) attracting other types of protective white blood cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and  (3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microorganisms

release chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.

T regulatory cells

are vital for winding down and stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

Regulatory T cells

helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity, which often harms healthy tissues

Regulatory T cells

Organ Transplant and Rejection (4)

Autografts Isografts Allografts Xenografts

___are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person

Autografts

___are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin

Isografts

are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin

Allografts

are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.

Xenografts

Drugs that prevent your immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.

Immunosuppressive Theraphy

___to suppress inflammation, _____ to prevent division of immune cells, and immunosuppressor drugs.

corticosteroids ; antiproliferative drugs

Receives lymph drainage from digestive organs

Cisterna chyli