Lymphatic system Flashcards
known as the lymph
vessel
lymphatics
help maintain the body’s fluid
balance, absorb fats from the
digestive tract, and provide
immune defense against
microorganisms and disease
lymphatics
form an elaborate drainage
system that picks up this
excess interstitial fluid(lymph)
and returns it to the blood
lymphatics
a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.
lymph; lymphatic fluid;
contains many substances, including
proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer
cells and germs.
Lymph
____are kidney-shaped, about 1
centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous
capsule ____that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
Lymph nodes;
trabeculae
help protect the body by removing foreign
material such as bacteria and tumor cells from
the lymphatic stream and by providing a place
where lymphocytes that function in the immune
response can be activated
lymph nodes
regional lymph nodes
cervical
axillary
inguinal
___is a soft organ located in the left side of the
abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that
curls around the anterolateral aspect of the
stomach.
Spleen
filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and
other debris; provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and
immune surveillance
spleen
destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of
their breakdown products to the liver.
spleen
organ primarily
responsible for
the production
and maturation
of immunecells
thymus
small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the
mucosa surrounding the pharynx
tonsils
Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other
foreign pathogens entering the throat.
tonsils
Resembles like tonsils
peyer’s patch
Peyer’s patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are
part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues
referred to as ____
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)
acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory
and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of
foreign matter entering those cavities.
Peyer’s Patch and Appendix
First line of defense: 3
Skin
mucous membranes
secretion of skin and mucous membranes
Second line of defense (5)
Phagocytic cells
Natural Killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
fever
Third line of defense (3)
Lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages/antigen-presenting cells
Surface membrane barriers:
Intact skin (2)
Intact mucous membranes (6)
Intact skin:
Acid mantle
keratin
Intact mucous membranes:
mucus
nasal hairs
cilia
gastric juice
vagina acid mantle
lacrimal secretion; saliva
unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can
lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body
cells, or any nonspecific targets
Natural Killer Cells
They attack the target cell’s membrane and release
lytic chemicals called ___, which pokes holes in
the membrane, and ___ (enzymes), which
degrade target cell contents.
NK cells;
perforin;
granzymes
a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever
body tissues are injured
Inflammatory Response
four most common cardinal signs of acute
inflammation are
redness, heat, pain, and swelling
(edema)
A ___, such as a macrophage or neutrophil,
engulfs a foreign particle by the process of ___
phagocyte;
phagocytosis
refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins
that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much
like inactive clotting proteins.
complement antimicrobial proteins
complement antimicrobial proteins Initiates ___
opsonization
any of several related
proteins that are produced by
the
body’s cells as a
defensive response to viruses.
interferon
They are important
modulators of the immune
response; can also combat
bacterial and parasitic
infections, inhibit cell division,
and promote or impede the
differentiation of cells
Interferons
abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic
response to invading microorganisms.
Fever
Normally the thermostat is set at approximately
___), but it can be reset upward in
response to ___(chemicals secreted by white
blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign
cells or substances in the body)
37°C (98.6°F;
pyrogens
a functional system that recognizes foreign
molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or
destroy them.
Adaptive Immune System
Aspects of Adaptive Immunity (3)
it is:
antigen specific
systemic
has memory
Also known as
antibody mediated
immunity,; A defense provided
by antibodies(immune
proteins) present in the body’s
“humors,” or fluids.
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity because the protective
factor is living cells (lymphocytes).
cellular immunity
lymphocytes act against such targets either
directly, by lysing the foreign cells, or indirectly, by
releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory
response or activate other immune cells.
cellular immunity
any substance capable of provoking an
immune response.
antigen
Like all blood cells, ____originate from
hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
lymphocytes
The ____released
from the marrow are essentially identical.
immature (called naive) lymphocytes
a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell
or a T cell depending on where in the body it
becomes ____
immunocompetent
___, constitute the cell-mediated arm of the
adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.
___can recognize and eliminate specific
virus-infected or tumor cells.
T cell;
T lymphocytes
T cells arise from ___that migrate to the __
it Undergoes a maturation process lasting _-__ days,
directed by thymic hormones (___and others)
lymphocytes ;
thymus;
2 to 3;
thymosin
, produce antibodies and
oversee humoral immunity
B – lymphocytes or B cells
__develop immunocompetence in bone marrow,
B cells
After they become immunocompetent, both T cells
and B cells migrate to the __ and ___
(and loose connective tissues), where their
encounters with ___will occur
lymph nodes and spleen;
antigens
Mature lymphocytes, especially ___, circulate
continuously through the body
T cells
___become immunocompetent before meeting the antigens they may later attack.
Thus, it is our __, not ___, that determine
what foreign substances our immune system will
be able to __ and __
Lymphocytes ;
genes;
antigens;
recognize and resist.
engulf antigens and then present fragments of
them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where
they can be recognized by T cells.
Antigen-Presenting Cells
The major types of cells acting as APCs are
____(found in the connective tissues and epidermis), ___(lymphoid organs), and ___
dendritic cells ;
macrophages ;
B lymphocytes.
The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to
grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of
cells exactly like itself and bearing the same
antigen-specific receptors
Humoral Immune Response (clonal selection)
active immunity is acquired:
naturally = ____
artificially= ___
naturally= bacterial and viral infection
artificially= vaccination
___ spare us most of the signs and
symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that
would otherwise occur during the primary response
and
vaccines
____, a phenomenon in which a population
of people are generally protected because most of a
given population is immune to a disease or infection
Herd immunity
refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to
protect against infection; it gives immediate, but
short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4
months at most.
Passive Immunity
this immunity is acquired by a fetus
when it receives maternal antibodies
Natural Passive immunity
this immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or
gamma globulin
Artificial Passive immunity
are proteins made in laboratories that act like
proteins called antibodies in our bodies.
Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs)
“___” refers to the fact that the
antibodies created in the laboratory are clones.
monoclonal
also referred to as
immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of
blood proteins.
Antibodies
are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen,
and they are capable of
binding specifically with that antigen.
Antibodies
Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways (5)
complement fixation, neutralization,
agglutination,
opsonization, and
precipitation
occurs when antibodies bind to
specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a
cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic
proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can
cause cell injury
Neutralization
___is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by
phagocytes.
Opsonization
formation of clumps of cells or inert particles
Agglutination
____ cells specialize
in killing virus infected, cancer,
or foreign graft cells directly
Cytotoxic T
____ that act as the“directors” or “managers” of
the adaptive immune response.
Once activated, they circulate through the body,
recruiting other cells to fight the invaders.
T cells
T helper cells release cytokine to: (3)
(1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow
and divide;
(2) attracting other types of protective white blood
cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and
(3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf
and destroy microorganisms
release chemicals that suppress the activity of both
T and B cells.
T regulatory cells
are vital for winding down and
stopping the immune response after an antigen has
been successfully inactivated or destroyed.
Regulatory T cells
helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary
immune system activity, which often harms healthy
tissues
Regulatory T cells
Organ Transplant and Rejection (4)
Autografts
Isografts
Allografts
Xenografts
___are tissue grafts transplanted from one
site to another in the same person
Autografts
___are tissue grafts donated by a genetically
identical person, the only example being an
identical twin
Isografts
are tissue grafts taken from a person
other than an identical twin
Allografts
are tissue grafts harvested from a
different animal species, such as a porcine (pig)
heart valve transplanted into a human.
Xenografts
Drugs that prevent your immune system from
attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.
Immunosuppressive Theraphy
___to suppress inflammation,
_____ to prevent division of
immune cells, and immunosuppressor drugs.
corticosteroids ;
antiproliferative drugs
Receives lymph drainage from digestive organs
Cisterna chyli
