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AnaPhy FINALS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Second messenger system of the body
 Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Several major
processes that Hormones control (5)

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism

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3
Q

Cells secrete hormones into
___

A

extracellular fluids

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4
Q

Amino acid-based hormones (3)

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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5
Q

Hormones that are:

– made from cholesterol
– made from highly
active lipids

A

Steroids;
Prostaglandins

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6
Q

Hormones can alter cellular activity
by increasing or decreasing the rate of a
____rather than
by stimulating performance of a new one

A

normal metabolic process

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7
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by __

A

negative feedback

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8
Q

mechanisms of hormone action can be achieved through (2)

A

Direct gene activation;
Second-messenger systems

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9
Q

stimuli of endocrine glands

A

Hormonal;
Humoral;
Neural

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10
Q

Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release

A

Humoral Stimuli

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11
Q

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands:

___ stimulate
hormone release,
and the __are said to
respond to neural
stimuli.

A

nerve fibers;
endocrine
cells

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12
Q

Size of a grape
Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary Gland

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13
Q

The pituitary gland is Protected by the ___

A

sphenoid bone

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14
Q

Pituitary gland functional lobes:

A

Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue

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15
Q

Six anterior pituitary hormones:
Two affect ____
Four stimulate other ___

A

non-endocrine targets;
endocrine glands
(tropic hormones)

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16
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary
hormones (3)

A

Proteins (or peptides)
Act through second-messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly
negative feedback

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17
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (5)

A

Growth Hormone (GH);
Prolactin (PRL);
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH);
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH);
Gonadotropic hormones;

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18
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth; Function in males is unknown

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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19
Q

General metabolic hormone of:
Anterior pituitary =
Thyroid gland =

A

Anterior pituitary = growth hormone
Thyroid gland = thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones;

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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21
Q

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins; Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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22
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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24
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

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25
Q

Gonadotropic hormones

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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26
Q

Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries; Stimulates sperm development in
testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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27
Q

Triggers ovulation; Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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28
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in males

A

interstitial cell-stimulating
hormone (ICSH)

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29
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (2)

A

Oxytocin;
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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30
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
labor; Causes milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

31
Q

Can inhibit urine production; in large amounts, causes vasoconstriction
leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

32
Q

Found at the base of the throat; Consists of two lobes and a connecting
isthmus

A

Thyroid Gland

33
Q

Thyroid Gland Produces two hormones

A

Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin

34
Q

Composed of two active iodine containing hormones

A

Thyroid hormone

35
Q

two active iodine
containing hormones of thyroid:
___ – secreted by thyroid
follicles
____– conversion of T4 at
target tissue

A

Thyroxine (T4);
Triiodothyronine (T3)

36
Q

Decreases blood
calcium levels by
causing its deposition on bone;

A

calcitonin

37
Q

calcitonin is…
Produced by ___
cells; Antagonistic to
___
hormone

A

C (parafollicular);
parathyroid

38
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the
thyroid; Secrete parathyroid hormone

A

Parathyroid Glands

39
Q

parathyroid hormone:
Stimulate ___to remove calcium
from bone
Stimulate the __ and __ to
absorb more calcium

A

osteoclasts;
kidneys and intestine

40
Q

Raise calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Sits on top of the kidneys

A

Adrenal Glands

42
Q

two glands of adrenal glands:
___– outer glandular region in three layers
___– inner neural tissue region

A

Cortex;
Medulla

43
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex (3)

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone);
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol);
Sex hormones

44
Q

Produced in outer adrenal cortex; Regulate mineral content in blood, water,
and electrolyte balance

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

45
Q

this adrenal cortex hormone’s Target organ is the kidney

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone

46
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone Production is…
stimulated by __ and __;

inhibited by ___

A

renin and aldosterone;
atrial natriuretic peptide

47
Q

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal
cortex;
Promote normal cell metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)

48
Q

Help resist long-term stressors; Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

49
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex

A

Sex hormones

50
Q

sex hormones

A

Androgens (male) and some estrogen
(female)

51
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A

catecholamines= Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

52
Q

These hormones prepare the body to
deal with short-term stress

A

catecholamines= Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

53
Q

The ___is a mixed gland

A

pancreas

54
Q

hormones of pancreatic islets

A

insulin
glucagon

55
Q

– allows glucose to cross plasma
membranes into cells from beta cells

A

Insulin

56
Q

– allows glucose to enter the
blood from alpha cells

A

Glucagon

57
Q

These hormones are antagonists that
maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A

Insulin;
Glucagon

58
Q

Found on the third ventricle of the brain; Secretes melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

59
Q

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

A

melatonin

60
Q

Located posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children

A

Thymus

61
Q

Thymus Produces __

A

thymosin

62
Q

Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system

A

thymosin

63
Q

Hormones of the Ovaries (2)

A

Estrogens;
Progesterone

64
Q

Estrogens produced by:
Progesterone produced by:

A

estrogen= Graafian follicles or the placenta
progesterone=corpus luteum

65
Q

Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics; Matures female reproductive organs

A

Estrogens

66
Q

Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized
egg; maintain pregnancy; Prepares the breasts to produce milk

A

Estrogens

67
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in
the uterus

A

Progesterone

68
Q

Hormones of the Testes

A

androgens (testosterone)

69
Q

___ of testes are hormone
producing; __is the most important androgen

A

Interstitial cells; Testosterone

70
Q

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; Required for sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

71
Q

Other Hormone-Producing tissues and Organs

A

Parts of the small intestine
 Parts of the stomach
 Kidneys
 Heart
 Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells

72
Q

Endocrine Function of the Placenta (3)

A

Produces hormones that maintain the
pregnancy;
hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
Produces HCG

73
Q

___is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

A

Menopause

AnaPhy FINALS (11 decks)

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