Endocrine System Flashcards by Jasmine

Second messenger system of the body
 Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

Endocrine System

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Several major
processes that Hormones control (5)

Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism

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Cells secrete hormones into
___

extracellular fluids

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Amino acid-based hormones (3)

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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Hormones that are:

– made from cholesterol
– made from highly
active lipids

Steroids;
Prostaglandins

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Hormones can alter cellular activity
by increasing or decreasing the rate of a
____rather than
by stimulating performance of a new one

normal metabolic process

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Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by __

negative feedback

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mechanisms of hormone action can be achieved through (2)

Direct gene activation;
Second-messenger systems

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stimuli of endocrine glands

Hormonal;
Humoral;
Neural

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Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release

Humoral Stimuli

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Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands:

___ stimulate
hormone release,
and the __are said to
respond to neural
stimuli.

nerve fibers;
endocrine
cells

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Size of a grape
Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary gland is Protected by the ___

sphenoid bone

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Pituitary gland functional lobes:

Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue

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Six anterior pituitary hormones:
Two affect ____
Four stimulate other ___

non-endocrine targets;
endocrine glands
(tropic hormones)

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Characteristics of all anterior pituitary
hormones (3)

Proteins (or peptides)
Act through second-messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly
negative feedback

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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (5)

Growth Hormone (GH);
Prolactin (PRL);
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH);
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH);
Gonadotropic hormones;

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Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth; Function in males is unknown

Prolactin (PRL)

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General metabolic hormone of:
Anterior pituitary =
Thyroid gland =

Anterior pituitary = growth hormone
Thyroid gland = thyroid hormone

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Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones;

Growth Hormone (GH)

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Causes amino acids to be built into proteins; Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

Growth Hormone (GH)

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Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

Gonadotropic hormones

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Gonadotropic hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries; Stimulates sperm development in testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Triggers ovulation; Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates testosterone production in males

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (2)

Oxytocin; Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor; Causes milk ejection

Oxytocin

Can inhibit urine production; in large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Found at the base of the throat; Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Gland Produces two hormones

Thyroid hormone Calcitonin

Composed of two active iodine containing hormones

Thyroid hormone

two active iodine containing hormones of thyroid: ___ – secreted by thyroid follicles ____– conversion of T4 at target tissue

Thyroxine (T4); Triiodothyronine (T3)

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone;

calcitonin

calcitonin is... Produced by ___ cells; Antagonistic to ___ hormone

C (parafollicular); parathyroid

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid; Secrete parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid Glands

parathyroid hormone: Stimulate ___to remove calcium from bone Stimulate the __ and __ to absorb more calcium

osteoclasts; kidneys and intestine

Raise calcium levels in the blood

parathyroid hormone

Sits on top of the kidneys

Adrenal Glands

two glands of adrenal glands: ___– outer glandular region in three layers ___– inner neural tissue region

Cortex; Medulla

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex (3)

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone); Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol); Sex hormones

Produced in outer adrenal cortex; Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

this adrenal cortex hormone's Target organ is the kidney

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone Production is... stimulated by __ and __; inhibited by ___

renin and aldosterone; atrial natriuretic peptide

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; Promote normal cell metabolism

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

Help resist long-term stressors; Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

Sex hormones

sex hormones

Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

catecholamines= Epinephrine Norepinephrine

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

catecholamines= Epinephrine Norepinephrine

The ___is a mixed gland

pancreas

hormones of pancreatic islets

insulin glucagon

– allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

Insulin

– allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

Glucagon

These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

Insulin; Glucagon

Found on the third ventricle of the brain; Secretes melatonin

Pineal Gland

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

melatonin

Located posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children

Thymus

Thymus Produces __

thymosin

Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system

thymosin

Hormones of the Ovaries (2)

Estrogens; Progesterone

Estrogens produced by: Progesterone produced by:

estrogen= Graafian follicles or the placenta progesterone=corpus luteum

Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics; Matures female reproductive organs

Estrogens

Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg; maintain pregnancy; Prepares the breasts to produce milk

Estrogens

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

Progesterone

Hormones of the Testes

androgens (testosterone)

___ of testes are hormone producing; __is the most important androgen

Interstitial cells; Testosterone

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; Required for sperm cell production

Testosterone

Other Hormone-Producing tissues and Organs

Parts of the small intestine  Parts of the stomach  Kidneys  Heart  Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells

Endocrine Function of the Placenta (3)

Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy; hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby Produces HCG

___is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

Menopause