Digestive system (pt 2) Flashcards by Jasmine

Accessory Digestive Organs (5)

 Salivary glands
 Teeth
 Pancreas
 Liver
 Gall bladder

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Saliva-producing glands (3)

Parotid glands;
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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Saliva-producing glands
– located anterior to ears

Parotid glands

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Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
 Helps to form a food bolus

saliva

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Contains _____ to begin starch digestion
 Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

saliva; salivary amylase

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The role is to masticate (chew) food; Humans have two sets of ___

Teeth

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two sets of teeth

Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth;
Permanent teeth

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___teeth are fully formed by age two

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Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of __; A full set is ___teeth

6 to 12; Permanent teeth; 32

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Classification of Teeth (4)

 Incisors
 Canines
 Premolars
 Molars

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Regions of a Tooth (3)

Crown;
Neck;
Root

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– exposed
part of tooth

Crown

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crown (3)

Outer enamel
Dentin
Pulp cavity

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Region in contact
with the gum
 Connects crown to
root

Neck

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Root (tooth):
___
attached to the
bone
____ carrying
blood vessels and
nerves

Periodontal
membrane;
Root canal

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Produces a wide spectrum of digestive
enzymes that break down all categories of food

Pancreas

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Enzymes are secreted into the ___
 ___ fluid introduced with enzymes
neutralizes acidic ___

duodenum;
Alkaline;
chyme

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Endocrine products of pancreas (2)

Insulin
Glucagons

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Largest gland in the body
 Located on the right side of the body
under the diaphragm

liver

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Consists of four lobes suspended from
the diaphragm and abdominal wall by
the

falciform ligament; liver

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Connected to the gall bladder via the common ___

liver; hepatic duct

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Produced by cells in the liver

bile

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Composition of bile (5)

Bile salts
Bile pigment (bilirubin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes

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Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
Stores bile from the liver by way of the ___

Gall Bladder; cystic duct

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Bile is introduced into the ___in the presence of ___

duodenum; fatty food

___can cause blockages in gall bladder

Gallstones

Processes of the Digestive System (8)

Ingestion Propulsion Peristalsis Segmentation Mechanical digestion Chemical Digestion Absorption Defecation

process of getting food into the mouth

Ingestion

– moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another

Propulsion

– alternating waves of contraction

Peristalsis

– moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing

Segmentation

Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue Churning of food in the stomach Segmentation in the small intestine

Mechanical digestion

Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks

Chemical Digestion

Each major food group uses different enzymes: Carbohydrates are broken to ___ Proteins are broken to ___ Fats are broken to ____

simple sugars; amino acids; fatty acids and alcohols

End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph; Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries

Absorption

Elimination of indigestible substances as feces

Defecation

digestive activity is Mostly controlled by __via the ___division

reflexes; parasympathetic

Stimuli of digestive activity (3)

Stretch of the organ pH of the contents Presence of breakdown products

Reflexes digestive activity (2)

Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions Smooth muscle activity

Digestive Activities of the Mouth (2)

Mechanical breakdown; Chemical digestion

Food is physically broken down by ___

chewing

Food is mixed with __ Breaking of starch into ___by ___

chemical digestion; saliva; maltose; salivary amylase

2 phase Deglutition (Swallowing)

Buccal phase Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Voluntary Occurs in the mouth Food is formed into a bolus

Buccal phase

(phase)The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the ___

buccal phase; tongue

Involuntary transport of the bolus All passageways except to the stomach are blocked

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

___blocks off the mouth ___) blocks the nasopharynx ___blocks the larynx

Tongue ; Soft palate (uvula; Epiglottis

___moves the bolus toward the stomach

Peristalsis

The ____ is opened when food presses against it

cardioesophageal sphincter

Gastric juice is regulated by ___ and __ factors

neural and hormonal

Presence of food or falling ___causes the release of ___

pH; gastrin

causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes

Gastrin

___ makes the stomach contents very acidic

Hydrocholoric acid

Extremely Acid Environment in the Stomach  Activates__ to ___ for protein digestion Provides a hostile environment for __

pepsinogen to pepsin; microorganisms

Protein digestion enzymes (2)

Pepsin; Rennin

___– an active protein digesting enzyme ___– works on digesting milk protein

Pepsin; Rennin

The only absorption that occurs in the stomach is of __ and __

alcohol and aspirin

Rippling peristalsis occurs in the ___ stomach

lower

The ___meters out chyme into the small intestine (__ml at a time)

pylorus; 30

stomach empties in ___ hours

four to six

Break double sugars into simple sugars Complete some protein digestion

Enzymes from the brush border

play the major digestive function; Help complete digestion of starch (___); Carry out about half of all protein digestion (___, etc.)

Pancreatic enzymes; pancreatic amylase; trypsin

Responsible for fat digestion (___) Digest nucleic acids (___) __content neutralizes acidic chyme

lipase; nucleases; Alkaline

Stimulation of the Release of Pancreatic Juice

Vagus nerve  Local hormones (Secretin; Cholecystokinin)

End products of digestion Most substances are absorbed by ___ through cell membranes Lipids are absorbed by ___

active transport; diffusion

Substances are transported to the liver by the ____

hepatic portal vein or lymph

___is the major means of moving food  _____- Mix chyme with digestive juices; Aid in propelling food

Peristalsis ; Segmental movements

____digest remaining nutrients Produce some vitamin K and B; Release gases

Resident bacteria

___,__, __ are absorbed in large intestine

Water and vitamins K and B

Slow, powerful movements Occur three to four times per day

Mass movements

Presence of feces in the rectum causes a

defecation reflex

____ is relaxed ____occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter

Internal anal sphincter; Defecation

Energy intake and output remain about ___

equal

Mechanisms that may regulate food intake (4)

Levels of nutrients in the blood Hormones Body temperature Psychological factors

– amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest

Basic metabolic rate (BMR)

Factors that influence BMR (4)

Surface area Gender Age amount of thyroxine produced (most important)

Total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

must equal calories consumed to maintain homeostasis and maintain a constant weight

TMR

The ____ is a continuous tube by the __ week of development

alimentary canal; fifth week

____bud from the mucosa of the alimentary tube

Digestive glands

The developing fetus receives all nutrients through the __

placenta

Teething begins around age ___

six months

Middle age digestive problems 

Ulcers Gall bladder problems