Digestive system (pt 2) Flashcards
Accessory Digestive Organs (5)
Salivary glands
Teeth
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Saliva-producing glands (3)
Parotid glands;
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
Saliva-producing glands
– located anterior to ears
Parotid glands
Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
Helps to form a food bolus
saliva
Contains _____ to begin starch digestion
Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
saliva; salivary amylase
The role is to masticate (chew) food; Humans have two sets of ___
Teeth
two sets of teeth
Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth;
Permanent teeth
___teeth are fully formed by age two
20
Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of __; A full set is ___teeth
6 to 12; Permanent teeth; 32
Classification of Teeth (4)
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Regions of a Tooth (3)
Crown;
Neck;
Root
– exposed
part of tooth
Crown
crown (3)
Outer enamel
Dentin
Pulp cavity
Region in contact
with the gum
Connects crown to
root
Neck
Root (tooth):
___
attached to the
bone
____ carrying
blood vessels and
nerves
Periodontal
membrane;
Root canal
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive
enzymes that break down all categories of food
Pancreas
Enzymes are secreted into the ___
___ fluid introduced with enzymes
neutralizes acidic ___
duodenum;
Alkaline;
chyme
Endocrine products of pancreas (2)
Insulin
Glucagons
Largest gland in the body
Located on the right side of the body
under the diaphragm
liver
Consists of four lobes suspended from
the diaphragm and abdominal wall by
the
falciform ligament; liver
Connected to the gall bladder via the common ___
liver; hepatic duct
Produced by cells in the liver
bile
Composition of bile (5)
Bile salts
Bile pigment (bilirubin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes
Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
Stores bile from the liver by way of the ___
Gall Bladder; cystic duct
Bile is introduced into the ___in
the presence of ___
duodenum; fatty food
___can cause blockages in gall bladder
Gallstones
Processes of the Digestive System (8)
Ingestion
Propulsion
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Mechanical digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
process of getting food into the mouth
Ingestion
– moving foods from one
region of the digestive system to another
Propulsion
– alternating
waves of contraction
Peristalsis
– moving
materials back and forth
to aid in mixing
Segmentation
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
Churning of food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine
Mechanical digestion
Enzymes break down food molecules into
their building blocks
Chemical Digestion
Each major food group uses different enzymes:
Carbohydrates are broken to ___
Proteins are broken to ___
Fats are broken to ____
simple sugars;
amino acids;
fatty acids and alcohols
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph;
Food must enter mucosal cells and then
into blood or lymph capillaries
Absorption
Elimination of indigestible substances as
feces
Defecation
digestive activity is Mostly controlled by __via the
___division
reflexes; parasympathetic
Stimuli of digestive activity (3)
Stretch of the organ
pH of the contents
Presence of breakdown products
Reflexes digestive activity (2)
Activation or inhibition of glandular
secretions
Smooth muscle activity
Digestive Activities of the Mouth (2)
Mechanical breakdown;
Chemical digestion
Food is physically broken down by ___
chewing
Food is mixed with __
Breaking of starch into ___by ___
chemical digestion;
saliva;
maltose;
salivary amylase
2 phase Deglutition (Swallowing)
Buccal phase
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
Voluntary
Occurs in the mouth
Food is formed into a bolus
Buccal phase
(phase)The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the
___
buccal phase; tongue
Involuntary transport of the bolus
All passageways except to the stomach are
blocked
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
___blocks off the mouth
___) blocks the
nasopharynx
___blocks the larynx
Tongue ;
Soft palate (uvula;
Epiglottis
___moves the bolus toward the
stomach
Peristalsis
The ____ is opened
when food presses against it
cardioesophageal sphincter
Gastric juice is regulated by ___ and __ factors
neural and
hormonal
Presence of food or falling ___causes
the release of ___
pH; gastrin
causes stomach glands to
produce protein-digesting enzymes
Gastrin
___ makes the stomach
contents very acidic
Hydrocholoric acid
Extremely Acid
Environment in the Stomach
Activates__ to ___ for
protein digestion
Provides a hostile environment for __
pepsinogen to pepsin;
microorganisms
Protein digestion enzymes (2)
Pepsin;
Rennin
___– an active protein digesting
enzyme
___– works on digesting milk protein
Pepsin;
Rennin
The only absorption that occurs in the
stomach is of __ and __
alcohol and aspirin
Rippling peristalsis occurs in the ___
stomach
lower
The ___meters out chyme into the small intestine (__ml at a time)
pylorus; 30
stomach empties in ___
hours
four to six
Break double sugars into simple sugars
Complete some protein digestion
Enzymes from the brush border
play the major
digestive function; Help complete digestion of starch
(___); Carry out about half of all protein digestion
(___, etc.)
Pancreatic enzymes;
pancreatic amylase;
trypsin
Responsible for fat digestion (___)
Digest nucleic acids (___)
__content neutralizes acidic chyme
lipase;
nucleases;
Alkaline
Stimulation of the Release of Pancreatic Juice
Vagus nerve
Local hormones (Secretin; Cholecystokinin)
End products of digestion
Most substances are absorbed by ___ through cell membranes
Lipids are absorbed by ___
active transport;
diffusion
Substances are transported to the liver
by the ____
hepatic portal vein or lymph
___is the major means of moving food
_____-
Mix chyme with digestive juices; Aid in propelling food
Peristalsis ;
Segmental movements
____digest remaining nutrients
Produce some vitamin K and B; Release gases
Resident bacteria
___,__, __ are absorbed in large intestine
Water and vitamins K and B
Slow, powerful movements
Occur three to four times per day
Mass movements
Presence of feces in the rectum causes a
defecation reflex
____ is relaxed
____occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter;
Defecation
Energy intake and output remain about ___
equal
Mechanisms that may regulate food intake (4)
Levels of nutrients in the blood
Hormones
Body temperature
Psychological factors
– amount of
heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest
Basic metabolic rate (BMR)
Factors that influence BMR (4)
Surface area
Gender
Age
amount of thyroxine produced (most important)
Total amount of kilocalories the body
must consume to fuel ongoing activities
Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)
must equal calories consumed to
maintain homeostasis and maintain a
constant weight
TMR
The ____ is a continuous tube
by the __ week of development
alimentary canal; fifth week
____bud from the mucosa of
the alimentary tube
Digestive glands
The developing fetus receives all nutrients through the __
placenta
Teething begins around age ___
six months
Middle age digestive problems
Ulcers
Gall bladder problems
