Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Jasmine

Cardiovascular system is a closed system of the __

heart and blood vessels

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____ = pumps blood
blood vessels = ___

heart;
blood circulation

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the ___ is located at the Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip

heart

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Heart: Coverings

pericardium (visceral and parietal)

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__– a double serous
membrane of the heart

Pericardium

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____pericardium= Next to heart
___pericardium= Outside layer

Visceral ;
Parietal

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___ fills the space between the
layers of pericardium

Serous fluid

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Three layers of heart wall

Epicardium;
Myocardium;
Endocardium

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heart wall:
Outside layer
This layer is the parietal pericardium
Connective tissue layer

Epicardium

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heart wall:

Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle

Myocardium

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Heart wall:

Inner layer
Endothelium

Endocardium

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heart chambers (4)

atria (right and left)
ventricle (right and left)

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receiving chambers=
discharging chambers=

atria;
ventricle

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heart valves (4)

Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid)
semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

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____valves– between atria and
ventricles;
___valves between ventricle and
artery

Atrioventricular;
Semilunar

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valves are Held in place by ____
(“heart strings”)

chordae tendineae

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open as blood is pumped
through;
Close to prevent backflow

valves

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Associated Great Vessels (4)

Aorta;
Pulmonary arteries
Vena cava
Pulmonary veins

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___= Leaves left ventricle
___= Leave right ventricle

Aorta;
Pulmonary arteries

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___= Enters right atrium
___)= Enter left atrium

Vena cava;
Pulmonary veins (four

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Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium; The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system

Coronary Circulation

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heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system (3)

Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
coronary sinus (where blood empties into the right atrium)

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Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way

Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)

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Special tissue sets the pace of the conduction system (5)

Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker)
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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Contraction is initiated by the

sinoatrial node

Ventricular filling and atrial contraction = ___

mid-to-late diastole

isovolumetric contraction phase and ventricular ejection phase=___

ventricular systole (atria in diastole)

isovolumetric relaxation=___

early diastole

Atria contract simultaneously  Atria relax, then ventricles contract

Cardiac Cycle

Systole = ___ Diastole = ___

contraction; relaxation

– events of one complete heart beat

Cardiac cycle

____– blood flows into ventricles

Mid-to-late diastole

____– blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

Ventricular systole

___– atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low

Early diastole

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

Cardiac output (CO)

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

Stroke volume

___– the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Starling’s law of the heart

Changing ___ is the most common way to change cardiac output

heart rate

increased heart rate is regulated by (4)

Sympathetic nervous system; Hormones; Exercise Decreased blood volume

Decreased heart rate is regulated by: (3)

Parasympathetic nervous system High blood pressure or blood volume Dereased venous return

Three layers (tunics) of blood vessel

Tunic intima; Tunic media; Tunic externa;

Three layers (tunics) Tunic ___= Endothelium Tunic ___= Mostly fibrous connective tissue

intima; externa

Tunic ___= Smooth muscle; Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

media

___of arteries are the thickest ___of veins are larger

Walls ; Lumens

____ “milks” blood in veins toward the heart ____ are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

Skeletal muscle; Walls of capillaries

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels

Vascular shunt; True capillaries

vessel of capillary beds that directly connects an arteriole to a venule

Vascular shunt

exchange vessels Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood

True capillaries

pressure wave of blood

Pulse

Pulse is Monitored at “___” where pulse is easily palpated

pressure points

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in

large arteries

__– pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction ___– pressure when ventricles relax

Systolic; Diastolic

Pressure in blood vessels __as the distance away from the heart ___

decreases ; increases

factors that affect blood pressure (5)

Neural factors Renal factors Temperature Chemical Diet

– hormonal control in blood pressure

Renin

Heat has a __effect Cold has a ___effect

vasodilation; vasoconstricting

Normal blood pressure __-___ mm Hg systolic __-__ mm Hg diastolic

140–110; 80–75

Low systolic (below __ mm HG) Often associated with illness

Hypotension; 110

High systolic (above __ mm HG) Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Hypertension; 140

Substances exchanged due to _____: ___and nutrients leave the blood ___ and other wastes leave the cells

concentration gradients; Oxygen ; Carbon dioxide

Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms (4)

Direct diffusion; Endocytosis or exocytosis; gaps (intercellular clefts); Fenestrations

A simple “___” develops in the embryo and pumps by the __week The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of ___weeks

tube heart; fourth ; seven

(where blood empties into the right atrium)

coronary sinus