Respiratory system (Pt. 1) Flashcards by Jasmine

Exchange of gasses takes place within the
lungs in the ___(only site of gas exchange,
other structures passageways

alveoli

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Organs of the Respiratory system (6)

 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs

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____ are located in the
mucosa on the superior surface
 The rest of the cavity is lined with ___

Olfactory receptors;
respiratory mucosa

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Lateral walls have projections called
____

conchae

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Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal
cavity

conchae

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Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles

respiratory mucosa

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The nasal cavity is separated from the
oral cavity by the ___

palate

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two types of palate

Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)

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Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity

Paranasal Sinuses

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bones of Paranasal Sinuses (4)

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone

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Function of the sinuses (3)

Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity

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Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx

Pharynx (Throat)

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Three regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx;
Oropharynx;
Laryngopharynx

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regions of pharynx=
___– superior region behind
nasal cavity
____ – middle region behind mouth
____ – inferior region attached
to larynx

Nasopharynx ;
Oropharynx;
Laryngopharynx

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The __ and __ are
common passageways for air and food

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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Auditory tubes enter the ____

nasopharynx

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Tonsils of the pharynx (3)

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
____
Palatine tonsils in the ___
Lingual tonsils at the ___

nasopharynx;
oropharynx;
base of the tongue

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voice box; Routes air and food into proper channels; Plays a role in speech

Larynx

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Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (____)

Larynx;
epiglottis

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Structures of the Larynx (4)

Thyroid cartilage;
Epiglottis;
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Glottis

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Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

Thyroid cartilage

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Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air toward
the trachea

Epiglottis

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Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

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– opening between vocal cords

Glottis

windpipe; Connects larynx with bronchi; Lined with ciliated mucosa

Trachea

Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

ciliated mucosa

Trachea Walls are reinforced with ___

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Formed by division of the trachea  Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)

Primary bronchi

Right bronchus is __, __, ___ than left

wider, shorter, and straighter

Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

lungs

Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)

thoracic cavity/lungs

Each lung is divided into lobes by ___ Left lung – __lobes Right lung – __lobes

fissures; two three

Coverings of the Lungs (2)

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura Parietal pleura

_____ covers the lung surface ____ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity ___ fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura;  Parietal pleura;  Pleural fluid

Respiratory Tree Divisions (5)

 Primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioli  Terminal bronchioli

Smallest branches of the bronchi

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles end in ___

alveoli

Structures of respiratory zone (3)

Respiratory bronchioli Alveolar duct Alveoli

site of gas exchange

respiratory zone

Structure of alveoli (3)

Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus

Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls

Respiratory Membrane (Air Blood Barrier)

___cover external surfaces of alveoli

Pulmonary capillaries

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by __

diffusion

Oxygen enters the __ Carbon dioxide enters the ___

blood; alveoli

___add protection;  ____coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Macrophages ; Surfactant

Events of Respiration (4

Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Respiratory gas transport Internal respiration

respiration event – moving air in and out of the lungs

Pulmonary ventilation

respiration event: – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

External respiration

Respiration event: ___ – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

Respiratory gas transport

Respiratory event: – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

Internal respiration

Completely mechanical process; Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

Pulmonary Ventilation

___changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to ___ pressure

Volume ; equalize

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

Inspiration expiration

___– flow of air into lung ___– air leaving lung

Inspiration ; Expiration

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; size of the thoracic cavity increases

Inspiration

External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

inspiration

Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity; As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs

exhalation

can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

Forced expiration

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

examples of Nonrespiratory Air Movements (5)

Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris Laughing Crying Yawn Hiccup

Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (called ___)

tidal volume [TV]

factors that affect respiratory capacity (4)

person’s size Sex Age Physical condition

___– after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs

Residual volume of air

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)= __ and __ml Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)= approx__ ml

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)= 2100 and 3200ml Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)= approx1200ml

Air remaining in lung after expiration About 1200 ml

Residual volume

The total amount of exchangeable air

Vital capacity

Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli About 150 ml

Dead space volume

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone Usually about 350 ml

Functional volume

Respiratory capacities are measured with a ___

spirometer

Sounds are monitored with a ___

stethoscope

___ – produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi

Bronchial sounds

– soft sounds of air filling alveoli

Vesicular breathing sounds

Oxygen movement into the blood; Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen

External Respiration

Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood; Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor

External Respiration