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Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic components of urinary system

A

-paired kidneys- form urine from the blood
-ureters-move urine from kidneys to bladder
-bladder-store urine
-urethra- passes urine from bladder to exterior

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2
Q

Development of urogenital system

A

1.Blastocyst forms from fertilized egg (Day 6-8)
2. Becomes the inner cell mass with 2 layers of cells (epiblast and hypoblast)
3.Gastrulation occurs and the 2 cell layers become 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
4. Mesoderm layer called intermediate mesoderm is the basis of the urinary system
5. Intermediate mesoderm condenses into urogenital ridge.
6.Urogenital ridge contains the nephrogenic cord which is the main source for the urinary system

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3
Q

Mesoderm layers

A

3 layers: lateral plate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

Nephrogenic cord components

A

1.Pronephrons
2.Mesonephrons
3.Metanephrons

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5
Q

Pronephrons

A

-transient and nonfunctional
-forms in the neck region

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6
Q

Mesonephrons

A

-functional through a large part of embryonic life
-forms in the thoracic and lumbar regions

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7
Q

Metanephrons

A

-forms in the lumbar region and becomes the adult kidney

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8
Q

Kidney functions

A

-Filter plasma
-maintain blood pressure
-electrolyte balance
-endocrine function

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9
Q

Kidney endocrine function

A

-Erythropoietin for erythropoiesis
-renin for blood pressure
-ADH (vasopressin) for blood volume
-Aldosterone

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10
Q

Medium sized dog kidney function daily

A

1000L blood/day

200 L fluid filtered/day

1L urine/day

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11
Q

Kidney location

A

-retro-peritoneal

-right kidney more cranial in most species (except humans and pigs)
>when right kidney is more cranial, it lies in small fossa of caudate liver lobe

-Left kidney is late and lagging (except humans and pigs)
>in a cat, the left kidney lags more and can be considered intraperitoneal

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12
Q

Kidney shape

A

-Bean shaped (dog, pig, cat, small ruminants)

  • Heart shaped (R kidney in horse), bean shaped (L kidney in horse)

-Irregular and oval (bovine)

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13
Q

Kidney types

A
  • unipyramidal (dog, horse, cat, sheep)

-multilobar (multi-pyramidal) with smooth surface =pig

-multilobar (multi-pyramidal) with lobated surface= bovine

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14
Q

Kidney Anatomy

A

-renal hilus
-renal capsule
-renal cortex
-renal medulla
- renal pyramid
-renal papillae
-renal calyx
-renal pelvis

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15
Q

Renal hilus

A

indented area on the medial side of the kidney

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16
Q

renal capsule

A

the outermost layer of the kidney (tough, fibrous, connective tissue)

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17
Q

Renal cortex

A

the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla
high blood circulation

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18
Q

Renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney (contains renal pyramids)

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19
Q

Renal pyramid

A

A triangle-like shape inside the renal medulla
contains a lot of nephrons

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20
Q

Renal papillae

A

the apex or pointed end of each renal pyramid

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21
Q

renal calyx

A

Cuplike extensions of the renal pelvis (minor and major calyx)

22
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnel shaped area inside the hilus

23
Q

Flow through kidney

A

1.renal cortex
2.renal pyramid
3. renal papillae
4. minor calyx
5. major calyx
6.renal pelvis

24
Q

Unipyramidal kidney

A

-pyramids are fused
-papillae are fused to form a single renal crest

Order: renal cortex, renal medulla, renal crest, renal pelvis

25
Q

Nephron components

A

Functional unit of the kidney

-Bowmans capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubules
- Loop of Henle (descending limb and then ascending limb)
- Distal convoluted tubules
-Collecting ducts

26
Q

Nephron numbers

A

About 200,000 nephrons per kidney in a cat to several per kidney in cattle

27
Q

Spine Location of dog and cat kidneys

A

R= between L1 and L3

L= half a kidney length caudal- between L2 and L4

28
Q

How can you differentiate a cat’s kidney from a small dog’s kidney?

A

Cats have capsular veins on their kidneys
- not present in dogs

29
Q

Pig kidney

A

-left and right kidneys are more or less aligned
-multilobar/multipyramidal with a smooth surface
>no external evidence of lobation
-multiple papillae
-has both minor and major calyx

30
Q

Pig kidney location

A

-R and L located between last ribs and L4

-right kidney does not touch the liver

-ventral to the descending duodenum and jejunum

31
Q

Bovine kidney

A

-multilobar/multipyramidal with lobulated surface
-multiple papillae
-minor and major calyx but no common renal pelvis

32
Q

Bovine kidney location

A

-normal to find both kidneys on the right side due to the rumen taking space on the left

R=between last ribs and L3
L=between L2 and L4

33
Q

Horse Kidney

A

-unipyramidal
-central expansion of the renal pelvis called terminal recesses
-contains mucus secreting glands

34
Q

Horse kidney location

A

R= between last two ribs and L1

L= between last ribs and L3

35
Q

Function of mucus secreting glands in horse kidneys

A

helps prevent stone formation
*results in cloudy urine

36
Q

Small ruminant and camelid kidney

A

-kidneys of sheep and goats similar to the dog

-camelid kidneys are bean shaped and have smooth exteriors

37
Q

Kidney vasculature

A

1.Renal artery
2. Interlobar artery
3. Arcuate artery
4.interlobular artery
5. glomerular capillaries

38
Q

Ureter

A

leaves kidney at the hilus and transports urine to the bladder
>domestic species: starts at renal pelvis
>cattle: starts at the calyces

39
Q

Entrance into bladder

A

Oblique entrance into the bladder from ureter acts as a valve which prevents backflow

40
Q

Ureter length and diameter-cats

A

~9.19 +0.34 cm length

0.3-0.4mm in diameter

41
Q

Movement in ureter

A

ureteral peristalsis
>continues even when bladder is full

42
Q

Dog ureter diameter

A

~2.0-2.5 mm

43
Q

Why is ureter surgery challenging?

A

because ureter is so small

44
Q

Bladder

A

-has lateral and median vesical ligaments that form the trigone of the bladder

45
Q

Bladder volume in cats, dogs, cows

A

cats: 10-20 ml/kg body weight /day

Dogs: 20-100 ml/kg body weight/day

Cows: 17-45 ml/kg body weight/day

46
Q

Urethra- females

A

-carries urine only
-length: ~2.78 +0.60mm in small female dogs

47
Q

Urethra-males

A

-carries urine, semen, seminal secretions
-length: 3.53+0.86mm in small male dogs
-extends to the glans penis or urethral process

48
Q

Urethra- cows and sows

A

The urethralis muscle encloses the suburethral diverticulum which opens together with the urethra into the vagina. Results in difficulties during catheterization

49
Q

Innervation of the kidney

A

Sympathetic: celiac ganglion

Parasympathetic: vagal nerve

50
Q

innervation of ureter

A

Sympathetic: celiac ganglion

Parasympathetic: pelvic nerve

51
Q

Innervation of bladder

A

Sympathetic: hypogastric nerve

Parasympathetic: Pelvic nerve

Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary (17 decks)

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