Pelvic Cavity

Question 1

Perineum

Answer 1

-portion of the body wall closing the terminal parts of the digestive and urogenital tracts

Question 2

Perineum of mare

Answer 2

Can become sunken with age
-results in fecal contamination, vulva does not remain closed, vulva lips are below resulting in urine pooling

Question 3

Human perineum

Answer 3

1.urogenital diaphragm/triangle- around vagina and urethral opening

2. Pelvic diaphragm/triangle- around anus

3.Perineal body- central point of perineum

Question 4

Pelvic cavity bones

Answer 4

three bones forming the cavity: ileum, pubis, ischium joining to form acetabulum

**important for parturition

Question 5

Pelvic cavity pouches

Answer 5

1.Recto-genital pouch
-between rectum and genitalia

2.Vesico-genital pouch
-between genitalia and bladder

3. Vesico-pubic pouch
   -between wall and bladder

Question 6

External part of perineum

Answer 6

-extends from underside of tail to caudal attachment of mammary gland

Question 7

Perineal body

Answer 7

decussation of muscles and fascia separating anus and vestibule

Question 8

Function of pelvic and urogenital diaphragm, rectum and anus

Answer 8

-closes the pelvic outlet and maintains integrity of perineum

-terminal suspension of anal and vulvar regions

-keep abdominal viscera in during elimination and parturition

Question 9

Dorsal closure of perineum

Answer 9

Closed by pelvic diaphragm (rectum and anus)
-mainly muscle (coccygeus and levator ani

Question 10

Coccygeus vs levator ani

Answer 10

Coccygeus: smaller than levator ani

Levator ani: large, fans out beneath coccygeus

Question 11

Perineal hernia

Answer 11

-more common in unneutered dogs because prostate becomes large and the increased pressure builds up creating constant desire the strain. Results in herniating mass

Question 12

Ventral closure of perineum

Answer 12

Closed by urogenital diaphragm (vagina and vestibule)
-primarily fascia

Question 13

Sacrosciatic ligament

Answer 13

-broad sheet that largely fills the space between the lateral border of the sacrum and dorsal border of the ilium and ischium
-in bovine
-gluteal muscles sit on top of this ligament

Question 14

Sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 14

• A rounded cord extending between the caudolateral angle of the sacrum and the lateral part of the ischial tuber
  **not present in cats, present in dogs

Question 15

Ischio-rectal fossa

Answer 15

-area near coccygeus and levator ani, and paranal sinus
-can look at fat stores in area to help determine body condition score

Question 16

Anal canal

Answer 16

surrounded by both a smooth muscle internal sphincter and a striated muscle external sphincter

Question 17

Nerves of pelvis

Answer 17

-femoral nerve
-obturator nerve
-pelvic nerve
-pudendal nerve
-deep and superficial perineal nerves
-caudal rectal nerve

Question 18

Termination of aorta/blood supply to perineum

Answer 18

-Ovarian artery and vein

-2 external illiac go to limbs

-2 internal illiac go the pelvic cavity

-uterine artery and vein

-umbilical artery and vein

Question 19

Blood supply to ovary

Answer 19

-ovarian artery off of the aorta

-vein off caudal vena cava

Question 20

Blood supply to the tubular genitalia (carnivores)

Answer 20

-uterine branch of ovarian artery and vein

-uterine branch of vaginal artery and vein

Question 21

Blood supply to tubular genitalia (large animal)

Answer 21

-cranial uterine branch of ovarian artery and vein
*provides most drainage

-middle uterine artery and vein
*largest

-caudal uterine branch of vaginal artery and vein

Question 22

Innervation of perineum

Answer 22

-Lumbar branches (L4,5,6 and S1,2) combine to make lumbo-sacral trunk. They come through the sacro-sciatic ligament as the sciatic nerve.

-Remaining sacral branches and sciatic nerve from pudendal nerve

**sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers run along with ovarian artery and vein

Question 23

Innervation of Muscles in the pelvis

Answer 23

innervated by the obturator nerve