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Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary > Placentation > Flashcards

Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane arrangements

A

Ruminants and pigs: have both a chorioamniotic membrane and a chorioallantoic membrane

Horses and carnivores: have chorioallantoic membrane. Allantoic cavity wraps around fetus, pushing it into middle

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2
Q

Placenta

A

an interface comprised of fetal and maternal tissue

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3
Q

Choriovitelline

A

-chorion and yolk sac
-short lived in most domestic species (eg.horse)
-placenta in marsupials

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4
Q

Fetal and maternal part of Placental layers

A

Fetal: Chorioallantoic (chorion and allantois)

Maternal: Endometrium (other animals)/ Decidua (primates and rodents)

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5
Q

Functional units of placenta

A

Chorionic villi- projections on the surface of the chorion that intimately interact with maternal tissue

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6
Q

Placenta classification based on chorionic villi distribution

A

1.diffuse
2. Cotyledonary
3. Zonary
4. Discoid

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7
Q

Diffuse placenta classification

A

-chorionic villi located over the entire uterine luminal epithelium
eg. pig and horse

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8
Q

Pig diffuse placenta

A

diffuse placenta is velvety in appearance with closely spaced chorionic villi

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9
Q

Horse diffuse placenta

A

chorionic villi organized as microzones of villi called microcotyledons. The microcotyledons are also distributed over the entire surface of the chorion as discrete regions of fetal-maternal interfaces

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10
Q

Porcine exchange across placenta

A

-interdigitation important for bringing the two vascular systems close together for exchange

-Pigs have areola: chorion layer sits on top of the maternal uterine glands allowing for passing of nutrients especially iron for RBC development

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11
Q

Horse exchange across placenta

A

-villi clustered together into microcotyledons for nutrient exchange

-Also have areola where glandular secretions can be absorbed by the fetus but not to same extent as in pigs

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12
Q

Mare unique specialization

A

-unique to mares are endometrial cups
-derived from a narrow band of thick trophoblasts called chorionic girdle
-chorionic girdle forms at day25, and peels off of fetal membranes and trophoblasts invade endometrium at day40, and produce equine chorionic gonatotropin (eCG) to help maintain pregnancy
-Endometrial cups destroyed at ~140days

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13
Q

Cotyledonary Placenta classification

A

-vascularized chorionia villous trophoblasts forming cotyledones and uterine endometrial structures called caruncles coming together (like spot weld)
-cotyledons and caruncles= placentomes

-eg. ruminants

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14
Q

Ruminant caruncular tissue development

A

~30 days in sheep, ~36days in cattle

-villous processes of trophoblasts form in the chorioallantoic membrane opposite the caruncular tissue. Further branching occurs to help the trophoblasts fit into the caruncular tissue
*caruncle inner, cotyledon outer

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15
Q

Zonary placenta classification

A

an invasive band of the chorion surrounds the middle of the fetus

eg. dog and cat

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16
Q

Discoid placenta classification

A

A disc like structure of chorion interacting with maternal tissue

eg. higher primates and rodents

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17
Q

Zones of the zonary placenta

A

Transfer zone: gas and nutrient exchange where fetal and maternal sides of membrane are close together

Pigmented zone: invasive part of placenta. Where blood leaks and pools in the area resulting in it being darker in colour

18
Q

Placentation in dogs and cats (zonal)

A

~18 days in cats, ~20 days in dogs

-zonal villi invade the endometrium, with some villi pushing into gland openings

-maternal blood vessels become completely surrounded by trophoblasts

19
Q

Human discoid placenta

A

-all interactions between fetus and mother within the disk

-has floating villi (bathed in blood floating in space)
AND
anchoring villi which invade the maternal wall preventing constriction so that blood can flow freely through space

20
Q

Placenta classification based on cell layers at maternal-fetal interface

A

1.Epitheliochorial
2.Synepitheliochorial
3.Endotheliochorial
4.Hemochorial

21
Q

Epitheliochorial

A

-least invasive since the epithelium of chorionic villi and uterine luminal epithelium are intact

-has 6 layers

-diffuse placenta

22
Q

Layers of epitheliochorial

A

-chorionic capillary wall
-trophoblast basement membrane
-chorionic trophoblast
-endometrial epithelium
-endometrial basement membrane
-endometrial capillary wall

23
Q

Epitheliochorial animals

A

-sow
-mare

24
Q

Epitheliochorial in sow

A

no erosion of the luminal epithelium occurs

25
Q

Epitheliochorial in mare

A

chorionic girdle trophoblast moderately and transiently invade the luminal epithelium

26
Q

Synepitheliochorial

A

-specialized binucleate giant trophoblast cells (BNGC) migrate into the uterine epithelium and become trinucleated cells

-6 layers

-cotyledonary placenta

27
Q

Trinucleated cells

A

secrete progesterone, estrogens, placental lactogen, PAGS (pregnancy associated glycoproteins) which help maintain pregnancy

28
Q

Synepitheliochorial animals

A

-cows
-sheep
-goats

29
Q

Synepitheliochorial in cows

A

Trinucleated cells are formed but short lived

30
Q

Synepitheliochorial in sheep and goats

A

Continued production of binucleate trophoblasts which can produce an extensive fetal-maternal syncytial layer

31
Q

Endotheliochorial placenta classification

A

Trophoblasts move through uterine epithelium, stroma, and are in contact with maternal endothelia

-5 layers present (either missing basement membrane on maternal side, or the endometrial cell layer)

-have zonary placenta

32
Q

Endotheliochorial animals

A

-cats
-dogs
-most carnivores
-insectivores

33
Q

Hemochorial

A

highly invasive trophoblasts pass through the maternal uterine epithelium, stroma, and endothelium of maternal vasculature becoming directly in contact with maternal blood

-discoid placenta

34
Q

Hemochorial animals

A

-rodents
-higher primates

35
Q

Umbilical cord

A

connecting stalk between fetus and placenta

36
Q

Umbilical cord components

A

Consists of fetal derived mucoid connective tissue
>surrounds two umbilical arteries
>surrounds two umbilical veins
>urachus
>vestige of yolk sac

Umbilical arteries move in a spiral pattern around the urachus giving off branches to the amniotic sac and ending in the chorioallantoic membrane

37
Q

Functions partially or completely accomplished during pregnancy

A

1.transfer of oxygen and CO2 (respiratory)
2.Fetal nutrition (GI)
3.Excretory functions- water balance, pH regulation (renal)
4.Hormone/enzyme production (Endocrine)
5.Immunologic functions

38
Q

Placental transfer issues

A

allows drugs, heavy metals, antibiotics, viruses and bacteria to cross placenta

39
Q

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

A

-impaired growth and development of conceptus and its organs during pregnancy and postnatally

-increased pre-weaning morbidity, mortality, and retarded development throughout life

-results in:
>altered proteome
>altered expression of proteins in metabolism, stress responces, cell growth

40
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

A

-occurs from pathogen crossing placenta and causes severe reproductive failure
>high fetal morbidity and mortality leading to substantial economic losses to swine industry
>weak piglets and dead fetuses
>lack of effective vaccines

41
Q

Red bag delivery

A

Normal: Mare goes into active labour, water breaks, mare lies down, foal come out covered in white amnion

Red Bag: fetal placenta is detached and foal is delivered with intact non-ruptured placenta (chorioallantois) including allantoic fluid instead of placenta delivered after delivery

42
Q

What causes red bag delivery?

A

-placentitis
-bacterial of viral infection of placenta

**Accounts for 5-10% of abortions, stillbirths, or perinatal death

Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary (17 decks)

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