Ruminant GIT #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • passes caudally from esophagus to rumen over right longitudinal groove, caudal groove, and forward along the left longitudinaly groove, reticulum, and greater curvature of abomasum to duodenum
    -superficial and deep layers which form an omental bursa
    -forms a sling= supraomental recess
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2
Q

Lesser omentum

A

-comes from the lesser curvature of abomasum, covers the omasum and attaches along the liver and duodenum.

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3
Q

Post-natal ruminant development

A

-Birth: abomasal capacity is more than the combined capacity of all other compartments
-Weaning: when young calf begins eating food and mucosa encounters products of microbial fermentation (butyric acid), other compartments begin to grow and balance out with abomasum. Final proportions of stomach compartments are reached at 1 year. Eventually the rumen is the largest

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4
Q

Pregnancies effect on abomasum

A

-gravid uterus slides up underneath the rumen and can lead to the displacement of the abomasum
>displacement and the increased energy demands near the end of pregnancy leading to gas building up and further displacing abomasum

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5
Q

Displaced Abomasum

A

-commonly occurs to the left, but can also occur to the right

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6
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia

A

-ketones build up=toxic
-occurs during pregnancy when the animal has much higher energetic demands but also has less room for rumen. This makes it difficult to meet energy needs.

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7
Q

Vasculature of rumen

A

-Celiac Artery branches to:
1.Splenic
2.Left gastric artery
3.Hepatic artery

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8
Q

Splenic artery supply

A

-right ruminal artery (visceral side and the caudal rumen)
-Left ruminal artery (parietal side and cranial rumen)
-Reticular artery (cardia and reticulum)

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9
Q

Left gastric artery supply

A

-supplies the omasum and fundic part of abomasum along lesser curvature
>accessory reticular supplying ventral reticulum
>left gastro-epiploic supplying the fundus of abomasum

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10
Q

Hepatic Artery supply

A

-Right gastric artery (supplies pylorus of abomasum)
-Gastro-duodenal
-Right gastric-epiploic (supplies pyloric abomasum)

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11
Q

Rumen veins

A

-run satellite to arteries
-gastric and splenic arteries join and open into the portal vein

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12
Q

Rumen parasympathetic vs sympathetic innervation

A

-Parasympathetic: main gastric innervation from vagus nerves
-Sympathetic: from splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

Branches of vagus supplying rumen

A

-dorsal vagal trunk
-ventral vagal trunk

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14
Q

Dorsal vagal trunk

A

-innervates the rumen wall, reticular groove, reticulo-omasal opening, omasum, and abomasum

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15
Q

Ventral dorsal trunk

A

-innervates atrium ruminis, reticular groove, omasum, and right face of abomasum

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16
Q

Sensory receptors of the rumen

A

-mostly located in reticulum and abomasum
-both mechanoreceptors (pressure and tension) and chemoreceptors (pH and metabolites)

17
Q

Rumen movements

A

1.Primary (mixing)
2.Secondary (gas eructation)
3. Rumination (regurge of food)

18
Q

Functions of rumen movements

A

-mechanical breakdown
-mixing of ingesta with microbes
-mixing saliva to buffer VFAs
-prevention of local accumulation of VFAs
-absorption of VFAs
-elimination of gases produced by fermentation

19
Q

Contraction auscultation

A

-biphasic reticular contraction can be auscultated at middle of 6-8 intercostal spaces on the left side of single contraction
-Dorsal sac contraction occurs in cranio-caudal direction in paralumbar fossa. Followed by ventral sac contraction

20
Q

Regurgitation of food

A

-occurs after reticular contraction
-the ingesta is drawn into esophagus by inspiration against closed glottis and carried orally by antiperistaltic waves
-heavily broken down cud will drop from cardia to reticulum

21
Q

Eructation

A

-discharge of gas through esophagus (some through mouth but most to lungs)
-no reticular contraction occurs during eructation
-ruminal movement originates at ventral sac and then dorsal sac extending caudo-cranially ‘

22
Q

Omasum movements

A

-biphasic contraction
>first contraction squeezes ingesta from omasal canal into the recesses between omasal laminae
>Second contraction is a mass contraction squeezing fluid from within the recesses

23
Q

Abomasum movements

A

-sluggish movement
-more powerful peristalsis occurs towards pyloric part

24
Q

Primary contraction

A

-Reticulum-biphasic contraction. The second reticular contraction floods the cardia prior to inspiratory effort. Rapid peristaltic wave transports cud up to pharynx for remastication

25
Q

Secondary contraction

A

-cranial movement/contraction in the caudodorsal and caudoventral sacs, and ventral sac causing the gas pocket to move towards the cardia to be released

26
Q

Intestinal mass

A

-to the right of midline
- approx. 50m long in adult
-suspended by great mesentery
-lies within the supra-omental recess

27
Q

Bovine large intestines

A

-left fact of mesentery
-1.5-2 turns making up 95% of intestines

28
Q

Ruminant duodenum

A

-originates from pylorus below costal arch
-passes dorsally to form s-shaped curve along liver
-attached to liver by lesser omentum
-bile duct opens into descending duodenum; pancreatic duct opens further down the descending duodenum
**small ruminants usually have both opening in common

29
Q

Ruminant Jejunum

A

-position depends on the fullness of the rumen
-mostly lies within the supraomental recess

30
Q

Ileum

A

-extent defined by ileocecal fold
-opens into cecum on a low ileocecal papilla

31
Q

Cecum

A

-demarcated from colon only by site of ileocecal opening
-non-sacculated and blind ended sac

32
Q

Ascending colon

A

-sigmoid flexure as it leaves cecum
-has proximal and distal loops
-double spiral middle segment: 2 centripetal and 2 centrifugal

33
Q

Transverse colon

A

-crosses midline cranial to mesenteric root to give rise to descending colon on left

34
Q

Descending colon

A

-to the left of mesenteric root, attached to ascending duodenum
-slack in this region facilitates transrectal palpation

35
Q

Rectum

A

-muscular walls, wide, impermanent transverse folds

36
Q

Anus

A

-internal and external anal sphincters
-pelvic and urogenital diaphragm
-perineum

37
Q

Intestinal lymph nodes

A

-Peyer’s patches (SI, and ileum)
-Jejunal lymph nodes
-All lymph nodes drain into cysterna chyli

38
Q

Intestines blood supply

A

-Arterial: Cranial mesenteric artery- supplies majority of intestines except cranial part of duodenum (which is supplied by celiac artery) and descending colon and rectum (which is supplied by caudal mesenteric artery)
-Veins: Cranial mesenteric vein empties into portal vein