Ruminant GIT #1

Question 1

Simple monogastric

Answer 1

-dog, cat, human

Question 2

Caudal fermenters

Answer 2

-pig, horse
-fermentation in the hindgut (SI and cecum)

Question 3

Cranial fermenters

Answer 3

-foregut
-fermentation prior to stomach
-cattle, sheep, goats, llamas

Question 4

Bovine abdomen

Answer 4

-cutaneous trunci
-external abdominal oblique attached to aponeurosis (caudal ventral direction)
-internal abdominal oblique- originates in tuber coxae (cranial ventral direction)
-Transverse abdominis
-Rectus abdominis
-Linea alba- where abdominal muscles all meet

Question 5

Rumen

Answer 5

-largest chamber of the forestomach

Question 6

Paralumbar fossa

Answer 6

-triangle between ribs and ilium
-important access point to abdomen for surgery

Question 7

Paravertebral anesthesia

Answer 7

-dermatomes innervate the skin (and cover the peritoneum zones)
>target T13 and L1, L2 (could target L3 if need to go more caudal)
>need to target both dorsal (need to go through epaxial muscles) and ventral (go through ligament) branches

Question 8

Complex stomach

Answer 8

-Four compartments
1.reticulum- assists in fermentation;5% of mass
2. rumen-fermentation; 80% of total mass
3. omasum- water absorption;8% of total mass
4. Abomasum- true stomach; 7% of total mass
**all lined by non-glandular mucosa with stratified squamous epithelium (embryonic extension from esophagus)

Question 9

Rumen positioning

Answer 9

-takes up entire left side and part of right side

Question 10

Palpation of rumen

Answer 10

-caudal aspect through left paralumbar fossa and through transrectal palpation

Question 11

Ruminant stomach location

Answer 11

-7th rib to the pelvis

Question 12

Cranial side of ox abdomen

Answer 12

-liver
-reticulum
-diaphragm

Question 13

Left side of ox abdomen

Answer 13

-spleen
-rumen (also partly on right)
-abdominal wall

Question 14

Ventral side of ox abdomen

Answer 14

-abomasum
-abdominal floor

Question 15

Right side of ox abdomen

Answer 15

-omasum
-intestinal mass

Question 16

Dorsal side of ox abdomen

Answer 16

-pancreas
-kidneys
-abdominal roof

Question 17

Pillars vs. grooves

Answer 17

-pillars indicate invaginations inward internally (basically when we are inside)
-grooves indicate invaginations inward from outside (basically when we are outside)

Question 18

Rumino-reticulum and its grooves

Answer 18

-ruminoreticular groove
>divides reticulum off of rumen
-Cranial and Caudal grooves connected by left and right longitudinal groove
>cranial creates a cranial sac
-left and right longitudinal groove
-dorsal and ventral coronary grooves
>dorsal caudal blind sac and ventral blind sac
-accessory groove

Question 19

insular ruminis

Answer 19

-formed by right accessory pillar and right longitudinal pillar

Question 20

Esophagus entering stomach

Answer 20

-enters at rumino-reticular orifice
>goes to either rumen (less dense like feed) or reticulum (denser and liquids)

Question 21

Sacs

Answer 21

-cranial sac=atrium ruminis
-ventral sac
-dorsal sac
-caudo-dorsal blind sac
-caudo-ventral blind sac
-insula ruminis (formed from right accessory pillar and right longitudinal pillar)

Question 22

Sac papillae

Answer 22

-ventral aspects: long papillae present to increase SA and better fermentation/absorption
-pillars and dorsal aspects: short papillae

Question 23

Reticulum location

Answer 23

-located between ribs 6-8
-cardia dorsally; xiphoid process ventrally

Question 24

Reticulum features

Answer 24

-honey-comb folds
>smooth muscle= “tripe”
-folds also have papillae

Question 25

Hardware disease (Traumatic reticulitis)

Answer 25

-will digest anything that ends up in their mouth (ex.piece of metal)
>contractions during digestion will move metal and puncture the reticulum and then further puncture membranes
**commonly give magnet and capture any metal that is ingested

Question 26

Reticular groove

Answer 26

-located within the reticulum
-allows milk to bypass rumen in neonates
>suckling sends signal to close groove through contractions

Question 27

Reticular groove reflex

Answer 27

-bucket feeding
-suckling
-ADH
-copper sulfate

Question 28

Omasum

Answer 28

-have greater and lesser curvature
-more round in cows; sheep and goat is more bean shaped

Question 29

Orifice of omasum

Answer 29

1.Reticulo-omasal orifice
2.Omaso-abomasal orifice

Question 30

Omasum components

Answer 30

-2x orifice (reticulo-omasal and the omaso-abomasal orifice)
-Omasal groove
-crescent shaped leaves

Question 31

Omasum of cow function

Answer 31

-important for water reabsorption
>many crescent shaped leaves

Question 32

Abomasum

Answer 32

-true stomach
-fundus, body, pyloric parts
-torus pyloricus

Question 33

Mucosa of abomasum

Answer 33

-glandular mucosa
-permanent abomasal folds (rugae)