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Anatomy & Physiology II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Regulation of blood volume and composition
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Release of hormones
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2
Q

How does the urinary system function to regulate blood volume and composition?

A
  • Adjusts volume of blood: can only remove extra or prevent further loss
  • Remove wastes from blood ((urea, bilirubin, uric acid, and creatinine)
  • Regulate ionic composition (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, HPO3)
  • Maintains osmolarity (number of dissolved particles in blood)
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3
Q

The urinary system is responsible for the release of what hormones?

A
  • Calcitriol
  • Renin
  • Erythropoietin
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4
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

production of urine

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5
Q

What is the internal anatomy of the kidney?

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • nephron
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6
Q

Kidney: Cortex

A

outer layer, granular texture

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7
Q

Kidney: Medulla

A

inner layer, consists of 8-18 renal pyramids

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8
Q

Kidney: Nephron

A

functional unit of kidney; responsible for urine formation

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9
Q

What are the organs associated with the urinary system?

A
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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10
Q

Organs associated with the urinary system do not do what?

A

do not modify urine

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11
Q

Ureters

A

Collect urine from kidney and transport it to bladder

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12
Q

Urinary bladder

A
  • Storage site for urine until
    micturition
  • Composed of smooth muscle
  • Holds 700-800ml
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13
Q

Urethra

A
  • connects the bladder to the outside environment
  • Controlled by 2 sphincters
  • Outer sphincter is skeletal muscle for voluntary control
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14
Q

Renal arteries

A

receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output

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15
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

brings blood to nephron

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16
Q

Glomerulus:

A

ball of capillaries

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17
Q

Glomerulus function

A

filtration (taking ish out blood)

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18
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

glomerular capillaries rejoin to form this
- takes blood away from glomerulus

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19
Q

Peritubular capillaries (bed)

A

formed from efferent arteriole
- surround tubular portion of nephron

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20
Q

Peritubular capillaries function

A

reabsorption (bringing ish back in)

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21
Q

Peritubular venule

A

formed from peritubular capillaries

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22
Q

Renal vein

A

takes blood away from the kidney

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23
Q

Renal plexus

A

nerves that enervate the kidney

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24
Q

Renal plexus function

A

control diameter of blood vessels

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25
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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26
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

where plasma is filtered; located in the cortex of kidney

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27
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

Glomerulus is composed of what kind of capillaries?

A

enestrated (holes) capillaries

29
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double-walled cup that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate

30
Q

Renal tubule

A

modifies the filtrate
- composed of 3 sections

31
Q

What are the three sections of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
32
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

70% of reabsorption takes place here

33
Q

Loop of Henle

A

water and NaCl (salt) reabsorption

34
Q

What are the two parts of the Loop of Henle

A

Descending limb: water permeable only

Ascending limb: NaCl permeable only

35
Q

What are the functions of the nephron?

A

Filtration: removal of materials from the blood
- Pressure driven

Secretion: adding materials to the filtrate
- Active transport

Reabsorption: removal of materials from filtrate to remain in body

36
Q

What processes are used by the nephron when performing the function of reabsorption?

A
  • osmosis
  • facilitated transport
  • secondary active transport
37
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

38
Q

Cortical nephron

A
  • 80-85% of all nephrons
  • Almost, if not all, lies in the cortex of the kidney
  • Short loop of Henle
39
Q

Cortical =

A

cortex

40
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

15-20% of nephrons

Corpuscles are deep in cortex

Have long loop of Henle that extends deep into medulla

Used in formation of concentration gradient

41
Q

What are the associated structures of the nephron?

A

collecting ducts and papillary ducts

42
Q

Collecting ducts

A
  • Collects urine from several nephrons
  • Site of final modification of urine
43
Q

Papillary ducts

A
  • Convergence of many collecting ducts
  • Eventually empty into minor calyx
44
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

A
  • High blood pressure in glomerulus because efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than afferent arteriole
  • Forces water and solutes across the glomerulus
    • Filtration

~50 mmHg (filtration pressure)

45
Q

What two pressures oppose glomerular filtration?

A
  • Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
  • Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
46
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

A
  • Opposes filtration
  • Due to fluid already in renal tubule
  • ~15 mmHg
47
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A
  • Opposes filtration
  • Due to presence of proteins in blood
  • ~ 25 mmHg
48
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

GHP – (CHP + BCOP)

  • 50 mmHg – (15 + 25) = 10 mmHg
49
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate formed in both kidneys per minute

 - ~ 125 ml/min  

 - 180 L/day (most of this gets reabsorbed)
50
Q

How is GFR controlled?

A

Primarily achieved by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidney
- Autoregulation
- Hormonal regulation
- Autonomic regulation

51
Q

GFR/renal autoregulation occurs through the use of what?

A

Myogenic mechanism

52
Q

Myogenic mechanism

A

Increase in blood pressure causes increase in GFR

Stretch of afferent arterioles due to increased blood pressure causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction causes reduction in blood flow

Reduction in blood flow causes GFR to decrease

Opposite happens if blood pressure decreases

53
Q

GFR hormonal control is done through the use of what?

A

Renin-Angiotensin system and Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

54
Q

Renin- Angiotensin system

A

In response to decrease in blood pressure/volume

Decrease in stretch of arterioles causes release of renin

Renin acts on peptide produced in the liver to form angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs

55
Q

Effects of angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction

Release of aldosterone (salt balance)

Stimulates thirst centers

Release of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Increased cardiac output

Overall increases blood pressure & water retention

Decreases urine output

56
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Secreted by the heart in response to stretching of atria

Suppresses secretion of ADH and aldosterone

Increases GFR by increasing glomerular blood pressure (vasodialation)

For reduction of blood volume

Increases urine output

57
Q

GFR neural control is done through the use of what?

A

Sympathetic nervous fibers

58
Q

Sympathetic nervous fibers

A

Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

Reduction in GFR

Decreased urine output

59
Q

60-70 % of all filtrate is reabsorbed where?

A

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)

60
Q

How does the Loop of Henle perform transport?

A

Water in the descending limb
- via Osmosis
NaCl in the ascending limb
- via Active transport
- not permeable to water

61
Q

How does the Loop of Henle form a concentration gradient?

A
  • Fluid flows in opposite directions
  • Countercurrent multiplier
62
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A

refers to the process in which energy is used to create an osmotic gradient that enables the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid, so that urine can be concentrated

63
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Movement of same materials as in PCT

Under hormonal influences
- aldosterone
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitrol

64
Q

What materials are moved by the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids
- secretes H+, K+

65
Q

90-95% of all solutes and water from the filtrate have been returned by the time they reach what?

A

collecting ducts

66
Q

What are the two types of water reabsorption

A

Obligatory reabsorption and Facultative reabsorption

67
Q

Obligatory reabsorption

A
  • Linked to reabsorption of solutes
  • Cannot alter this
  • Occurs in PCT and descending limb of Henle
68
Q

Facultative reabsorption

A

Occurs primarily in collecting duct
Is controlled by ADH
- aquaporins

69
Q

How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) affect water reabsorption?

A

Regulates facultative water reabsorption

Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Release is stimulated by an increase in blood osmorality

Release is inhibited by caffeine, alcohol, ANP

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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