Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiovascular system/transport system is composed of what three components?
A
- blood
- blood vessels
- heart
2
Q
What are the four characteristics of blood?
A
- 5x more viscous than water
- pH of 7.35 - 7.45
- 4-6 liters in volume
- classified as a connective tissue
3
Q
What are the functions of the blood?
A
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
4
Q
The blood transports what?
A
- gases: O2, CO2
- nutrients
- water/waste products
- hormones
5
Q
The blood regulates what?
A
- pH
- Ion composition: Na, K, Ca
- Body temperature
- Maintain fluid balance
6
Q
The blood protects against what?
A
- Blood loss by clot formation: platelets
- Invasion by foreign particles: leukocytes
7
Q
What are the two components of blood?
A
- plasma
- formed elements: cells and cell fragments
8
Q
Plasma is what part of the blood?
A
the liquid and non-living part
9
Q
Plasma is what percent of the total volume of blood?
A
55%
10
Q
What percentage of plasma is water?
A
92%
11
Q
What makes up the remaining 8% of plasma?
A
proteins (7%) and other solutes (1%)
12
Q
What three proteins are found in plasma?
A
- Fibrinogen
- Immunoglobulins
- Albumin
13
Q
Fibrinogen function
A
blood clotting
14
Q
Immunoglobulins function
A
identifies and neutralizes foreign bodies
15
Q
Albumin function
A
ensures osmotic balance
16
Q
Formed elements make up what percentage of blood?
A
45%
17
Q
What three cells make up the formed elements?
A
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
18
Q
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) characteristics
A
- 99.9% of formed elements in blood
- A little over 40% of the total blood volume
- Primarily perform oxygen transport
19
Q
White blood cells (leukocytes) characteristics
A
- Less than 0.1% of formed elements
- Many different types
- Primarily used in immune response
20
Q
Platelets (thrombocytes) characteristics
A
- Less than 0.1% of formed elements
- Perform blood clot formation =
- Prevention of blood loss during injury
21
Q
What is hemopoiesis?
A
Formation of blood/formed elements
22
Q
Where does hemopoiesis take place?
A
red bone marrow
23
Q
The red bone marrow contains what kind of cells?
A
pluripotent in stem cells
24
Q
Define pluripotent
A
(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types.
25
What triggers the differentiation of the stem cells in red bone marrow?
hormones/hormonal regulation
26
What hormones trigger the differentiation of the stem cells in red bone marrow?
- Erythropoietin: red blood cells
- Thrombopoietin: platelets
- Cytokines and thymus hormones: white blood cells
27
What are the anatomical features of red blood cells?
- Most numerous
- Contain hemoglobin
- Do not have a nuclei
- Lack most organelles
- Very small
28
What is the shape of red blood cells?
biconcave disc
29
What are the benefits of the shape of red blood cells?
- The shape provides a high surface area
- Allows for stacking = faster
- Flexible
30
What is the effect of red blood cells not having nuclei/DNA?
inability to reproduce/mitosis or repair themselves
31
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
32
What is the primary role of red blood cells?
transport oxygen
33
How do red blood cells transport oxygen?
via hemoglobin
34
What does hemoglobin contain?
oxygen
35
What is hemoglobin composed of?
- globin = protein
- a heme group
- iron (dot in the middle of heme)
36
How many binding sites does a human hemoglobin have?
four
37
Hemoglobin aids in transporting what molecule to the lungs?
CO2
38
Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?
globin/the protein
39
What form of hemoglobin does CO2 bind to?
deoxy hemoglobin = lacking oxygen
40
What is the rule for binding O2 or CO2 to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin can only bind either O2 or CO2 at one time
41
What is erythropoiesis?
formation of red blood cells
42
Where does erythropoiesis take place?
in the red bone marrow
43
What hormone controls erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin
44
Where is erythropoietin secreted from?
the kidneys
45
Erythropoiesis has multiple maturing stages. What are they called?
erythroblast stages
46
What happens during the Reticulocyte?
red blood cells lose nucleus and organelles before going into circulation
46
What is the final stage of the erythroblast stages?
Reticulocyte
47
How long does it take to complete the erythroblast stages?
5-7 days
48
What triggers/stimulates erythropoiesis?
decreased oxygen levels in the kidneys
49
What are some causes of decreased oxygen levels in the kidneys?
- Blood loss due to injury or donation
- Reduced availability of oxygen in the environment
- Increases oxygen demand by the tissues (sustained strenuous exercise)
50
What organ removes damaged/dying cells?
the spleen
51
What organ and cell assist with the removal of damaged/dying cells?
the liver and macrophages
52
How is hemoglobin recycled?
- Globin is broken down to be upcycled for AMINO ACIDS
- Heme recycled into BILIRUBIN and BILE
- Iron: TRANSFERRIN transports (iron?) to liver
53
What are antigens?
Markers/protein (antigens) on the surface of RBCs
54
What is the function of antigens?
- Substances that stimulate immune response
- React/interact with antibodies or cells from immune system
- Self vs. non-self identification = antigens function
55
What happens id someone is given the wrong blood type?
Antigens on donor blood cells may stimulate antibodies in the recipient’s blood to cause agglutination.
56
What is agglutination?
The clumping of cells, such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody
57
What are the possible outcomes of agglutination?
- Decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity
- Clot formation (strokes, heart attacks)
- Kidney failure
58
How are human blood groups categorized?
by the presence/absence of antigens on RBCs
59
What are the most common human blood groups?
- ABO
- Rh
60
The ABO is based on what two antigens?
A and B
61
How many blood types are there in the ABO group?
four
62
How many genes code for the A, B, and O genes in the ABO group?
one
63
What are the ABO genes called?
alleles
64
How many copies does each person have for blood type?
two, one from each parent
65
What is the genetic makeup of each blood type?
Type A = AA or AO
Type B = BB or BO
Type O = OO
Type AB = AB
66
What does having an O blood type mean?
- have to receive an O gene from both parents
- an O blood type is the result of having neither A nor B antigen
- blood type O is known as the universal donor because there are no antigens for antibodies to react to
67
What does having an AB blood type mean?
- have to receive an A gene from one parent and a B gene from the other
- an AB blood type is the result of having both A and B antigens
- blood type AB is known as the universal recipient because they have both antigens/nothing for the antibodies to react to
68
Antibodies are the result of what?
the antigens you do not have
69
Who has which antibodies?
Type A blood has antiB antibodies
Type B has antiA antibodies
Type AB has no antibodies
Type O has antiA and antiB
70
How many genes code for the A, B, and O genes in the Rh group?
three
71
What are the two outcomes of the Rh group?
- People having antigens are Rh+
- People lacking antigens are Rh-
72
Rh- people normally lack what?
antibodies against Rh
73
When do Rh- people get antibodies?
only get antibodies when they've been exposed to Rh+ blood
74
Hemolytic disease of fetus is a result of what human blood group?
Rh
75
Hemolytic disease
- Occurs when Rh- woman carries an Rh+ child
- First pregnancy is normal
- During birth process, maternal and fetal blood may mix
- Mother produces antibodies against Rh
- If next pregnancy is Rh+ child, antibodies from mother will cross placenta and attack fetus
- Can be prevented if mother is given injection of RhoGAM after birth of first child
76
What are the four key characteristics of leukocytes?
- Do not contain hemoglobin (white because of the lack of O2 carried by hemoglobin)
- Have a large nucleus and organelles (true cells)
- Primary function to protect the body (immune system)
- Emigration
77
Emigration of leukocytes
can leave blood vessels and enter tissues
78
How do leukocytes go about emigration?
Diapedesis: the process by which these cells leave
Adhesion molecules: used to help get out of blood vessels
Ameboid movement (amebae sisters 😊 )
Are attracted by chemical signals
79
What are the two main types of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
80
Granulocytes characteristics
- contain darkly staining granules
- larger than RBCs
- function as phagocytes
- characterized by how they darkly stain
81
What are the three types of granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
82
Neutrophil characteristics
Most numerous of all leukocytes
Nucleus has 2-5 lobes
Granules contain digestive enzymes and defensins.
83
Neutrophils function
Ingest fungi, viruses, and bacteria (most common invaders)
84
Eosinophils characteristics
Nucleus has 2 lobes
Granules stain red
Involved in allergies
85
Eosinophils function
Secrete toxic compounds that attack parasitic worms/infections
86
Basophils characteristics
Rarest of the leukocytes (<0.5% of all WBCs)
Nucleus has 2 lobe
Contain histamine granules (stain blue)
87
Basophils function
The histamine in the basophils is responsible for vasodilation during inflammation
88
What is a distinct characteristic of agranulocytes?
lack membrane-bound organelles
89
What are the two agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
90
Lymphyocytes characteristics
20-25% of all leukocytes
T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
Round nucleus; no lobes
NOT phagocytes!!
91
Lymphocytes function
Help mediate immune response
Use chemical compounds in immune response
92
Monocytes characteristics
3-8% of leukocytes
Phagocytes
Macrophages = monocytes when they leave the blood vessels/circulation
Fixed or wandering (see A&P 1 notes)
Nucleus is kidney-bean or horse shoe shape
93
What are platelets?
cell fragments of megakaryocytes
94
What triggers the production of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
95
What is the function of platelets?
Initiate clotting process
Formation of platelet plug
Reduce size of blood vessel break
96
Hemostasis for platelets
the stopping of a blood flow
97
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
Vascular
Platelet
Coagulation
98
Hemostasis: vascular
contraction of injured vessels
99
Hemostasis: platelet
plug formation/clotting
100
Hemostasis: coagulation
when blood changes from a liquid and becomes thicker like a gel
101
How does the blood go about coagulation?
blood recruits thrombin which reacts with fibrinogen causing it to convert into fibrin in order to clot
