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Anatomy & Physiology II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system/transport system is composed of what three components?

A
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • heart
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2
Q

What are the four characteristics of blood?

A
  • 5x more viscous than water
  • pH of 7.35 - 7.45
  • 4-6 liters in volume
  • classified as a connective tissue
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3
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A
  • transportation
  • regulation
  • protection
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4
Q

The blood transports what?

A
  • gases: O2, CO2
  • nutrients
  • water/waste products
  • hormones
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5
Q

The blood regulates what?

A
  • pH
  • Ion composition: Na, K, Ca
  • Body temperature
  • Maintain fluid balance
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6
Q

The blood protects against what?

A
  • Blood loss by clot formation: platelets
  • Invasion by foreign particles: leukocytes
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7
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements: cells and cell fragments
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8
Q

Plasma is what part of the blood?

A

the liquid and non-living part

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9
Q

Plasma is what percent of the total volume of blood?

A

55%

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10
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

92%

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11
Q

What makes up the remaining 8% of plasma?

A

proteins (7%) and other solutes (1%)

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12
Q

What three proteins are found in plasma?

A
  • Fibrinogen
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Albumin
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13
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

blood clotting

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14
Q

Immunoglobulins function

A

identifies and neutralizes foreign bodies

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15
Q

Albumin function

A

ensures osmotic balance

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16
Q

Formed elements make up what percentage of blood?

A

45%

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17
Q

What three cells make up the formed elements?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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18
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) characteristics

A
  • 99.9% of formed elements in blood
  • A little over 40% of the total blood volume
  • Primarily perform oxygen transport
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19
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) characteristics

A
  • Less than 0.1% of formed elements
  • Many different types
  • Primarily used in immune response
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20
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) characteristics

A
  • Less than 0.1% of formed elements
  • Perform blood clot formation =
  • Prevention of blood loss during injury
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21
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood/formed elements

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22
Q

Where does hemopoiesis take place?

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q

The red bone marrow contains what kind of cells?

A

pluripotent in stem cells

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24
Q

Define pluripotent

A

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types.

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25
Q

What triggers the differentiation of the stem cells in red bone marrow?

A

hormones/hormonal regulation

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26
Q

What hormones trigger the differentiation of the stem cells in red bone marrow?

A
  • Erythropoietin: red blood cells
  • Thrombopoietin: platelets
  • Cytokines and thymus hormones: white blood cells
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27
Q

What are the anatomical features of red blood cells?

A
  • Most numerous
  • Contain hemoglobin
  • Do not have a nuclei
  • Lack most organelles
  • Very small
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28
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

biconcave disc

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29
Q

What are the benefits of the shape of red blood cells?

A
  • The shape provides a high surface area
  • Allows for stacking = faster
  • Flexible
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30
Q

What is the effect of red blood cells not having nuclei/DNA?

A

inability to reproduce/mitosis or repair themselves

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31
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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32
Q

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen

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33
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

A

via hemoglobin

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34
Q

What does hemoglobin contain?

A

oxygen

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35
Q

What is hemoglobin composed of?

A
  • globin = protein
  • a heme group
  • iron (dot in the middle of heme)
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36
Q

How many binding sites does a human hemoglobin have?

A

four

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37
Q

Hemoglobin aids in transporting what molecule to the lungs?

A

CO2

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38
Q

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?

A

globin/the protein

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39
Q

What form of hemoglobin does CO2 bind to?

A

deoxy hemoglobin = lacking oxygen

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40
Q

What is the rule for binding O2 or CO2 to hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin can only bind either O2 or CO2 at one time

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41
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

formation of red blood cells

42
Q

Where does erythropoiesis take place?

A

in the red bone marrow

43
Q

What hormone controls erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin

44
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted from?

A

the kidneys

45
Q

Erythropoiesis has multiple maturing stages. What are they called?

A

erythroblast stages

46
Q

What happens during the Reticulocyte?

A

red blood cells lose nucleus and organelles before going into circulation

46
Q

What is the final stage of the erythroblast stages?

A

Reticulocyte

47
Q

How long does it take to complete the erythroblast stages?

48
Q

What triggers/stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

decreased oxygen levels in the kidneys

49
Q

What are some causes of decreased oxygen levels in the kidneys?

A
  • Blood loss due to injury or donation
  • Reduced availability of oxygen in the environment
  • Increases oxygen demand by the tissues (sustained strenuous exercise)
50
Q

What organ removes damaged/dying cells?

A

the spleen

51
Q

What organ and cell assist with the removal of damaged/dying cells?

A

the liver and macrophages

52
Q

How is hemoglobin recycled?

A
  • Globin is broken down to be upcycled for AMINO ACIDS
  • Heme recycled into BILIRUBIN and BILE
  • Iron: TRANSFERRIN transports (iron?) to liver
53
Q

What are antigens?

A

Markers/protein (antigens) on the surface of RBCs

54
Q

What is the function of antigens?

A
  • Substances that stimulate immune response
  • React/interact with antibodies or cells from immune system
  • Self vs. non-self identification = antigens function
55
Q

What happens id someone is given the wrong blood type?

A

Antigens on donor blood cells may stimulate antibodies in the recipient’s blood to cause agglutination.

56
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping of cells, such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody

57
Q

What are the possible outcomes of agglutination?

A
  • Decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity
  • Clot formation (strokes, heart attacks)
  • Kidney failure
58
Q

How are human blood groups categorized?

A

by the presence/absence of antigens on RBCs

59
Q

What are the most common human blood groups?

60
Q

The ABO is based on what two antigens?

61
Q

How many blood types are there in the ABO group?

62
Q

How many genes code for the A, B, and O genes in the ABO group?

63
Q

What are the ABO genes called?

64
Q

How many copies does each person have for blood type?

A

two, one from each parent

65
Q

What is the genetic makeup of each blood type?

A

Type A = AA or AO

Type B = BB or BO

Type O = OO

Type AB = AB

66
Q

What does having an O blood type mean?

A
  • have to receive an O gene from both parents
  • an O blood type is the result of having neither A nor B antigen
  • blood type O is known as the universal donor because there are no antigens for antibodies to react to
67
Q

What does having an AB blood type mean?

A
  • have to receive an A gene from one parent and a B gene from the other
  • an AB blood type is the result of having both A and B antigens
  • blood type AB is known as the universal recipient because they have both antigens/nothing for the antibodies to react to
68
Q

Antibodies are the result of what?

A

the antigens you do not have

69
Q

Who has which antibodies?

A

Type A blood has antiB antibodies

Type B has antiA antibodies

Type AB has no antibodies

Type O has antiA and antiB

70
Q

How many genes code for the A, B, and O genes in the Rh group?

71
Q

What are the two outcomes of the Rh group?

A
  • People having antigens are Rh+
  • People lacking antigens are Rh-
72
Q

Rh- people normally lack what?

A

antibodies against Rh

73
Q

When do Rh- people get antibodies?

A

only get antibodies when they’ve been exposed to Rh+ blood

74
Q

Hemolytic disease of fetus is a result of what human blood group?

75
Q

Hemolytic disease

A
  • Occurs when Rh- woman carries an Rh+ child
  • First pregnancy is normal
  • During birth process, maternal and fetal blood may mix
  • Mother produces antibodies against Rh
  • If next pregnancy is Rh+ child, antibodies from mother will cross placenta and attack fetus
  • Can be prevented if mother is given injection of RhoGAM after birth of first child
76
Q

What are the four key characteristics of leukocytes?

A
  • Do not contain hemoglobin (white because of the lack of O2 carried by hemoglobin)
  • Have a large nucleus and organelles (true cells)
  • Primary function to protect the body (immune system)
  • Emigration
77
Q

Emigration of leukocytes

A

can leave blood vessels and enter tissues

78
Q

How do leukocytes go about emigration?

A

Diapedesis: the process by which these cells leave

Adhesion molecules: used to help get out of blood vessels

Ameboid movement (amebae sisters 😊 )

Are attracted by chemical signals

79
Q

What are the two main types of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

80
Q

Granulocytes characteristics

A
  • contain darkly staining granules
  • larger than RBCs
  • function as phagocytes
  • characterized by how they darkly stain
81
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
82
Q

Neutrophil characteristics

A

Most numerous of all leukocytes

Nucleus has 2-5 lobes

Granules contain digestive enzymes and defensins.

83
Q

Neutrophils function

A

Ingest fungi, viruses, and bacteria (most common invaders)

84
Q

Eosinophils characteristics

A

Nucleus has 2 lobes

Granules stain red

Involved in allergies

85
Q

Eosinophils function

A

Secrete toxic compounds that attack parasitic worms/infections

86
Q

Basophils characteristics

A

Rarest of the leukocytes (<0.5% of all WBCs)

Nucleus has 2 lobe

Contain histamine granules (stain blue)

87
Q

Basophils function

A

The histamine in the basophils is responsible for vasodilation during inflammation

88
Q

What is a distinct characteristic of agranulocytes?

A

lack membrane-bound organelles

89
Q

What are the two agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

90
Q

Lymphyocytes characteristics

A

20-25% of all leukocytes

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells

Round nucleus; no lobes

NOT phagocytes!!

91
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Help mediate immune response

Use chemical compounds in immune response

92
Q

Monocytes characteristics

A

3-8% of leukocytes

Phagocytes

Macrophages = monocytes when they leave the blood vessels/circulation

Fixed or wandering (see A&P 1 notes)

Nucleus is kidney-bean or horse shoe shape

93
Q

What are platelets?

A

cell fragments of megakaryocytes

94
Q

What triggers the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

95
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Initiate clotting process

Formation of platelet plug

Reduce size of blood vessel break

96
Q

Hemostasis for platelets

A

the stopping of a blood flow

97
Q

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

A

Vascular

Platelet

Coagulation

98
Q

Hemostasis: vascular

A

contraction of injured vessels

99
Q

Hemostasis: platelet

A

plug formation/clotting

100
Q

Hemostasis: coagulation

A

when blood changes from a liquid and becomes thicker like a gel

101
Q

How does the blood go about coagulation?

A

blood recruits thrombin which reacts with fibrinogen causing it to convert into fibrin in order to clot

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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