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Anatomy & Physiology II > Metabolism Test #4 > Flashcards

Metabolism Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic respiration occurs without what?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

Can glycolysis occur without oxygen?

A

yes

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration is also known as what?

A

fermentation

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration: glycolysis process

A

Requires free NAD+ to receive electrons

  • NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ by enzyme
  • Electrons are given to pyruvate (reduced)(dis..)
  • This forms lactic acid in humans (..become dis)
  • Yeasts and (the snack that smiles back..) goldfish produce ethanol
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5
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration not as efficient?

A
  • Only get 2 ATP (from glycolysis)
  • Process is to recycle NADH to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
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6
Q

What type of muscle uses anaerobic respiration?

A

skeletal muscle (produces lactic acid)

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Formation of new glucose molecules

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8
Q

New glucose molecules are made from what?

A

amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol

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9
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur?

A

the liver

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10
Q

The liver is the only site for what process?

A

de-amination enzymes

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11
Q

What has to occur for gluconeogenesis to occur from amino acids?

A

de-amination of amino acids
- Have to remove NH3 group from amino acid

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12
Q

De-amination

A

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.

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13
Q

What is the product of removing the NH3 group from the amino acids?

A

Converts to urea
- initially makes ammonia then converts to urea

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14
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

in response to:
- fasting
- starvation
- very low carbohydrate intake
- endocrine disorder

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15
Q

What are the forms of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenosis
  • glycogenolysis
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16
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen from glucose
- Stored in liver and muscle

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17
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

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18
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

pancreas

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19
Q

When secreted glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis when what happens?

A

when glucose levels are low

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20
Q

Lipid catabolism =

A

lipolysis

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21
Q

Most of the body’s reserves are stored in the form of what?

A

triglycerides

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22
Q

Triglycerides vs. glycogen

A

Easier to store than glycogen
Have more energy per unit weigh
- 44 ATP from 18 Carbon long fatty acid

23
Q

Triglycerides can be broken down into what type of molecules?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

24
Q

Beta oxidation

A

the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy.

25
Q

Glycerol can be involved in what process?

A

glycolysis

26
Q

Beta oxidation: fatty acids

A

an be broken down into
2 carbon molecules (aka acetate), bind with CoA (coenzyme A), and enter Kreb’s cycle

27
Q

Lipolysis can lead to the formation of what?

A

ketone bodies that can cause acidosis in high numbers
- forcing body to use lipids as an energy source instead of carbs

28
Q

Lipid synthesis =

A

lipogenesis

29
Q

Lipogenesis

A
  • From acetyl CoA
  • Can form Phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, etc.
  • Excesses stored as fat (triglycerides)
30
Q

2 essential fatty acids explanation

A

must be provided by foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body

  • for the body to make other lipids that body needs
31
Q

Lipid transport

A

Hydrophobic, therefore need extra molecules for transport

Complex with proteins: lipoproteins

32
Q

Types of lipoproteins

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • Very Low-density lipoproteins
  • Intermediate-density lipoproteins
  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
  • High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
33
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  • Lightest and largest
  • Found in lacteals
  • Formed from dietary lipids
34
Q

Very Low-density lipoproteins (smaller than chylomicrons)

A
  • Composed of endogenous lipids (made in liver)
  • Transport to peripheral tissues
35
Q

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (even smaller than VLDLs)

A
  • Less triglycerides than VLDLs (very lipid-dense lipoproteins)

= More phospholipids and cholesterol than LDLs

36
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (bad cholesterol)

A
  • Carry 75% of body’s cholesterol
  • Cholesterol is used in cell growth, repair and steroid synthesis
  • High numbers form plaques in arteries
37
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

smallest, densest, and heaviest

  • Equal amounts lipid and protein
  • Transport excess cholesterol to liver for removal/storage
  • Known as “good” cholesterol
38
Q

What are the two types of proteins/amino acids?

A

non-essential and essential amino acids

39
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Amino acids that your body can synthesize

40
Q

Essential amino acid

A

Amino acids that your body cannot produce

There are 8 (10 for children typically)

Must be consumed in the diet

Corn, rice and beans are rich sources

41
Q

Proteins are broken down into what during protein catabolism?

A

Most proteins are broken down into component amino acids

42
Q

What happens to the amino acids produced from protein catabolism?

A

these amino acids are used to make new proteins

43
Q

How much protein/amino acids are used for energy during protein catabolism?

A

only a small portion are actually used for energy

44
Q

What is the process for energy production from protein catabolism?

A

Must first be deaminated or transaminated (move that thang) (in liver)

Carbon molecule can go into glycolysis or Kreb’s cycle

Ammonia (NH3) is converted to urea and excreted as waste

Formation of ketones

45
Q

What two major molecules when broken down can lead to ketoacidosis?

A

lipid and protein

46
Q

Protein anabolism

A

Amino acids are reassembled into new proteins

  • Intermediates from glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle can go to form new amino acids
47
Q

Amination

A

adding/introducing an amine group to a compound/molecule

48
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

The rate at which your body uses energy

  • typical values range from 2000 – 2500 Cal/day
49
Q

What are the units of measure for metabolic rate?

A

Calorie vs calorie (big C, little c)

Calorie (kcal) is 1000 calories (Big C is on food labels)

50
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Minimum energy expenditure

51
Q

What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

A

age, gender, physical condition, body weight, and genetics

52
Q

Where does a lot of the energy from BMR directed towards?

A

thermoregulation/maintaining body temp

53
Q

Factors Affecting BMR

A

Size: smaller organisms use more energy (per unit mass) than larger ones

Sex: males are higher due to hormones and muscle mass

Age: decreases with age

Exercise: increases with activity and increase in muscle mass

Body temperature: increases as body temp increases

Rate of heat loss

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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