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Anatomy & Physiology II > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Communication in the endocrine system =

A

maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the two components of intercellular communication?

A
  1. target/recipient
  2. messenger molecule/sender/signaler
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3
Q

Receptors are typically what kind of molecules?

A

proteins

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4
Q

What are the four types of communication?

A
  • direct
  • paracrines
  • synaptic communication
  • endocrine
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5
Q

How does direct communication transmit signals?

A

through gap junctions

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6
Q

What kind of signals are sent through direct communication?

A

ions, small solutes, lipid-soluble materials

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7
Q

What is the distribution (take place) of signals done by direct communication?

A

limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected

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8
Q

How does paracrine communication transmit signals?

A

through extracellular/interstitial fluid

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9
Q

What kind of signals are sent through paracrine communication?

A

paracrines

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10
Q

What is the distribution of signals done by paracrine communication?

A

primarily limited to local areas where paracrine concentrations are high

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11
Q

How does synaptic communication transmit signals?

A

across synapses

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12
Q

What kind of signals are sent through synaptic communication?

A

neurotransmitters

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13
Q

What is the distribution of signals done by synaptic communication?

A

limited to very specific areas; target cells must have appropriate receptors

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14
Q

How does endocrine communication transmit signals?

A

through the bloodstream/vessels

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15
Q

What kind of signals are sent through endocrine communication?

A

hormones

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16
Q

What is the distribution of signals done by endocrine communication?

A

target/receptors cells are mainly in other distant tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors

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17
Q

The endocrine system is composed of what?

A

glands and groups of specialized cells

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18
Q

What are the types of endocrine system glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

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19
Q

How do exocrine glands function?

A

exocrine glands release their substances through the squeezing or contracting of a duct onto the surface of the skin.

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20
Q

How do endocrine glands function?

A

endocrine glands are solid mass of cells that release hormones through exocytosis into the bloodstream

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21
Q

What are the possible effects once a hormone reaches its target/receptor?

A
  • Stimulate protein synthesis
  • Increase/decrease rate of synthesis
  • Alter activity of existing protein
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22
Q

Define a hormone

A

A chemical substance that has an action on a particular cell type.

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23
Q

What is the action of a hormone?

A

Bind to a receptor at the target cell.

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24
Q

When the number of receptors vary with time the receptor site may undergo what?

A

Up-regulation or down-regulation

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25
Q

Up-regulation does what to the sensitivity to messenger molecules?

A

increases sensitivity

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26
Q

Down-regulation does what to the sensitivity to messenger molecules?

A

deceases sensitivity

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27
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones?

A
  • amino acids
  • peptides
  • lipid derivatives
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28
Q

What are the two amino acids that act as hormones?

A
  • Tyrosine
  • Tryptophan
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29
Q

How is the target of a hormone determined?

A

the target will have receptors for that hormone

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30
Q

Tryosine makes up what kinds of hormones?

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • Catecholamines
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31
Q

What are examples of catecholamines?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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32
Q

Tryptophan is a precursor to what hormone?

A

melatonin

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33
Q

What is a peptide?

A

a chain of amino acids

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34
Q

What kind of peptides act as hormones?

A

glycoproteins and short polypeptides

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35
Q

What are examples of glycoproteins?

A

TSH, LH, FSH

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36
Q

What are examples of short polypeptides?

A

ADH, growth hormone

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37
Q

What kinds of lipid derivatives act as hormones?

A

Eicosanoids and sterioid hormones

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38
Q

What are examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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39
Q

Steroid hormones are made up of what?

A

cholesterol

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40
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

estrogen, testosterone, and corticosteroids

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41
Q

How does one classify hormones?

A
  • number of receptors
  • chemical classification
  • receptor location
  • response of target
  • regulation of secretion
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42
Q

Where are receptors located?

A
  • on the cell surface/membrane or
  • intracellular :cytosol or nucleus
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43
Q

What happens when a hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell?

A

it triggers the activation of the G protein inside the cell

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44
Q

What does the G protein produce?

A

produces a second messenger molecule

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45
Q

What are examples of G proteins/2nd messenger?

A

cAMP, cGMP, Ca+2

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46
Q

What does the activation of a G protein cause?

A

Set a cascade of reactions in motion

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47
Q

Set a cascade of reactions in motion aka….

A

amplification

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48
Q

What is the overall effect of binding to a receptor on the cell surface?

A

Alter activity of enzymes already present

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49
Q

Receptors attached to the cell membrane/surface have hormones that are what?

A

water-soluble

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50
Q

What are examples of the water-soluble hormones?

A

Catecholamines, peptides, eicosanoids

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51
Q

Receptors attached to the cytosol or nucleus (intracellular) have hormones that are what?

A

lipid-soluble

52
Q

What are examples of the lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones and steroids

53
Q

What are the effects of a hormone binding to a receptor located intracellularly?

A

Stimulate synthesis of new proteins or alter the rate of protein synthesis (increase/decrease)

54
Q

The response of the target/receptor is dependent on what?

A
  • a. presence/absence of receptors: Number of receptors

b. hormone concentration/amount of hormone

c. influences exerted by other hormones

55
Q

What are the three kinds of effects exerted by other hormones?

A

i. permissive effect:
ii. synergistic effect:

iii. antagonistic effects:

56
Q

Permissive effect

A

a hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone

57
Q

Synergistic effect

A

the effect in which two or more hormones work together to produce a combined effect, that cannot be observed by a single hormone alone

58
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone.

59
Q

What regulates the secretion of hormones?

A
  • neural stimuli
  • humoral stimuli/chemical changes in the body fluids
  • negative feedback
  • other hormones
60
Q

What is the location of the hypothalamus?

A

in the brain below the thalamus

61
Q

What two things does the hypothalamus control?

A

the autonomic nervous system and the secretion of regulatory hormones

62
Q

What five things is the hypothalamus responsible for regulating?

A
  • thirst
  • hunger
  • body temperature
  • sexual behavior
  • defensive reactions (fear/anger)
63
Q

How many total hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A

nine

64
Q

The hypothalamus has seven hormones responsible for what?

A

affecting the release of hormones from the anterior(front) pituitary

65
Q

The hypothalamus has two hormones stored where?

A

stored in and released by the posterior(back) pituitary gland

66
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

by the infundibulum

67
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

68
Q

What unique feature does the anterior pituitary gland have?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

69
Q

Hypophyseal portal system is what?

A
  • group of blood vessels
  • 2 sets of capillaries in series
70
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system responsible for?

A

Direct delivery of hypothalamic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland

71
Q

What seven hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A
  • prolactin
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  • human growth hormone (somatotropin)
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
  • adrenocotropin hormone
72
Q

What conditions are associated with discrepancies in the human growth hormone?

A
  • gigantism
  • dwarfism
  • acromegaly
73
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland produce its own hormones?

A

no, they are stored there by the hypothalamus

74
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/
vasopressin

75
Q

What is the target of prolactin?

A

the mammary glands

76
Q

What is the target of melanocyte-stimulating hormone?

A

we don’t know; still being studied

77
Q

What is the target of human growth hormone (somatotropin)?

A

all cells/musculo-skeletal system

78
Q

What is the target of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

thyroid/gland

79
Q

What is the target of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone?

A

gonads (ovaries/testis)

80
Q

What is the target of adrenocotropin hormone?

A

adrenal glands

81
Q

What is the target of oxytocin?

A

the smooth muscle of the reproductive system

82
Q

What is the target of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

the kidneys

83
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

in the diencephalon

84
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin

85
Q

What is the target of melatonin?

A

not specific/specified

86
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

in the throat in front of the larynx

87
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

1) T3 &Thyroxine (T4)
2) calcitonin

88
Q

What is the target of T3 &Thyroxine (T4)

A

most tissues

89
Q

What is the target of calcitonin?

A

bones

90
Q

What is the function of T3 &Thyroxine (T4)?

A

regulating metabolism

91
Q

Calcitonin does what to the Ca2+ in bone, intestines and kidneys?

A

Bone: Increases Ca2+ deposition
Intestines: decreases Ca2+ uptake
Kidneys: increases Ca2+ removal

92
Q

What is the location of the parathyroid gland?

A

posterior surface of thyroid

93
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland release?

A

parathyroid hormone

94
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

increases blood calcium

95
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what to the Ca2+ in bone, intestines and kidneys?

A

Bone: Increases Ca2+ release
Intestines: increases Ca2+ uptake
Kidneys: increases Ca2+ retention

96
Q

What is the location of the thymus?

A

in the throat just below the larynx

97
Q

What hormone does the thymus release?

A

thymosin

98
Q

What is the function of thymosin?

A

responsible for the development/maturation of lymphocytes

99
Q

What is the location of the adrenal glands?

A

above each kidney

100
Q

What are the two sections of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

101
Q

adrenal cortex =

A

outside

102
Q

adrenal medulla =

A

inside

103
Q

What three hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids (stress
    hormones)
  • Androgens
104
Q

Mineralcorticoids function

A

influencing salt and water balance

105
Q

What is an example of a Mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

106
Q

Glucocorticoids =

A

hormones that regulate stress on the body

107
Q

Androgens =

A

sex hormones/puberty

108
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

109
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function

A

responsible for the body’s fight or flight response and the mobilization of glucose for ATP
production

110
Q

The pancreas has what kind of functions?

A

endocrine and exocrine

111
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secrets digestive enzymes

112
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

produces four horomes

113
Q

What four hormones does the pancreas produce?

A
  • glucagon
  • insulin
  • somatostatin
  • pancreatic peptide
114
Q

Glucagon function

A

increases blood sugar/glucose levels

115
Q

What cells produce glucagon?

A

alpha cells

116
Q

Insulin function

A

stimulates cells to take up glucose; lowers blood sugar

117
Q

Glucagon and insulin indirectly regulate what?

A

how much energy is available for the body to use

118
Q

What cells produce insulin?

A

beta cells

119
Q

Somatostatin function

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

120
Q

What cells produce Somatostatin?

A

delta cells

121
Q

Pancreatic peptide function

A

regulates pancreatic secretions/digestive enzymes

122
Q

What cells produce Pancreatic peptide?

A

F cells

123
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

sex hormones and gametes

124
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • inhibitin
  • relaxin
125
Q

What is the male sex hormone?

A

testosterone

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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