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Anatomy & Physiology II > Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes are not what kind of cells?

A

phagocytes

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2
Q

What are the most common cells in the lymphatic system?

A

lymphocytes

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3
Q

Lymphocytes are what kind of leukocyte?

A

agranulocytes

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4
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Fight pathogens

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5
Q

Lymphocytes in general have what kind of immunity?

A

adaptive immunity

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6
Q

What are the three main types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells

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7
Q

The T in T cells stands for what?

A

thymus

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8
Q

T cells are “___________ dependent.”

A

thymus

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9
Q

T cells are produced in __________________, but mature in ___________.

A

red bone marrow, thymus

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10
Q

What are the most common type of lymphocyte?

A

T cells

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11
Q

What are the two main types of T cells and their functions?

A
  • Helper T: helping things/facilitating/giving order
  • Cytotoxic T/Killer T cells: kill other cells
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12
Q

The B in B cells stands for what?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

B cells are “_____________ derived.”

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

B cells are produced and mature where?

A

in red bone marrow

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15
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Responsible for antibody production

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16
Q

Plasma cells are what?

A

activated B cells/B cells in circulation

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17
Q

Natural killer cells function

A
  • Recognize variety of pathogens
  • Attack infected cells & some cancers
  • Fast acting
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18
Q

Natural killer cells have what kind of immunity?

A

innate immunity

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19
Q

What is the first line of defense of the innate immunity system?

A

Mechanical and chemical barriers

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20
Q

What are the mechanical barriers?

A

Epidermis and mucosal membranes located where an opening to your body is)

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21
Q

What are the chemical barriers?

A

Body secretions

Examples: perspiration, saliva, gastric juice

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22
Q

What are the second defense elements of the innate immunity system?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • Interferons
  • Complement system
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23
Q

What are the phagocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages/monocytes

  • think guard dog
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24
Q

What is the function of phagocytes?

A

Eat cells or other particulate material

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25
Q

What are the four steps of phagocytosis?

A
  • Chemotaxis
  • Adherence
  • Ingestion (eat)
  • Digestion and killing
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26
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

f: moving/following chemical trails = ameboid movement

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27
Q

Natural killer cells function

A
  • Target abnormal cells
  • Immunological surveillance
  • think guard dog
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28
Q

What are two types of natural killer cells?

A

Perforins and Granzymes

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29
Q

Perforins function

A

pokes holes in cell membrane causing cytolysis

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30
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

breaking up of cell/content spills out

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31
Q

Granzymes function

A

trigger apoptosis of cells infected by viruses

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32
Q

Interferons belong to what group of cells?

A

Cytokines (messenger molecules)

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33
Q

Interferons function

A
  • Interferons released by infected cell
  • Trigger production of antiviral proteins in neighbors
  • Stimulate NK cell and macrophage activity

-think alarm system

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34
Q

What is the Complement system?

A
  • Over 30 proteins
  • Always present (in body fluid)
  • Set off a series of reactions
  • Can work with antibodies
  • think booby traps
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35
Q

What is the second line of defense of the innate immunity system?

A

inflammation

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36
Q

Inflammation is what kind of reaction?

A

a non-specific defensive reaction/response to cellular/tissue damage

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, pain, heat

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38
Q

Inflammation function

A

Isolates injured area

  • Clean-up
  • Repairs

Response is the same regardless of type of damage

39
Q

What are the Stages of Inflammation?

A

First stage: Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Second stage: emigration of phagocytes (leukocytes/neutrophils)

Third stage: Tissue repair

40
Q

The first stage of inflammation causes what ?

A

Causes an increased blood flow to area (redness)

Causes an increase in plasma moving into tissue
- swelling

41
Q

Swelling does what?

A

Increases number of antimicrobial and complement proteins in area

42
Q

The first stage of inflammation is caused by what?

A
  • histamines (causes vasodilation),
  • heparin,
  • prostaglandins (intensifies pain)

leukotrienes

43
Q

What are the cells that cause the first stage of inflammation?

A

Released by damaged cells, mast cells, basophils

44
Q

What causes pain in the first stage of inflammation?

A
  • Injury of nerves
  • Irritation of microbial products (possible bacteria that got in injury)
  • Pressure due to swelling
  • Presence of prostaglandins
45
Q

Second stage: emigration of phagocytes

A
  • Attracted by chemotaxis
  • Neutrophils are usually first to arrive
  • Monocytes follow later
  • Collection of dead neutrophils and monocytes form pus
46
Q

Third stage: tissue repair

A

Formation of scar tissue by fibroblasts

47
Q

What bodily response sometimes accompanies inflammation?

A

fever

48
Q

What is the purpose of a fever?

A

Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat

49
Q

What hormone substance causes a fever?

A

Pyrogens (chemical causes an elevation in body temp)

50
Q

What are the effects of the elevated body temps brought on by a fever?

A

Intensifies action of interferons (alarm system)

Speeds up repairs (chemical reactions)

51
Q

What is Adaptive (specific) Immunity?

A

Ability of the body to defend itself against a specific foreign invader

52
Q

Adaptive (specific) Immunity function

A

Specificity (creates specific cells that attack specific pathogens/diseases/viruses)

53
Q

Adaptive immunity requires what?

A

exposure to antigen

54
Q

What are the adaptive immune responses?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity

55
Q

Cell- mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells (killing infected cells)

56
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells (produce antibodies)

57
Q

What cell coordinated the immune responses of cytotoxic cell and B cells?

A

Helper T cells (gives orders)

58
Q

Cytotoxic cell and B cells have the ability to do what?

A

make clones and memory cells

59
Q

Clones

A

clones are made of immune specific cells to prevent starting from scratch

60
Q

Memory Cells

A

some clones stay behind and hold memories of needed immune response

61
Q

Who are the key players in adaptive immunity?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)

62
Q

What are Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?

A

Glycoproteins in cell membranes

63
Q

What is the overall function of Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?

A

Aid in antigen recognition & T cell activation

64
Q

What are the two types of Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?

A

MHC I and MHC II

65
Q

MHC I occurs on what kind of cells?

A

Occur on all nucleated cells

66
Q

MHC I does not occurs on what kind of cells?

A

RBCs (because it is non-nucleated)

67
Q

What is the function of MHC I?

A

Signal that cell is “normal” or “abnormal”

68
Q

How are MHC I formed?

A

Random peptides from cytosol are incorporated into MCH I

69
Q

if normal peptides are present in MHC I what happens?

A

T cells ignore it recognizing it as “self”

70
Q

if abnormal peptides are present in MHC I what happens?

A

T cell activates and abnormal/infected cell is destroyed

71
Q

MHC II occurs on what kind of cells?

A

Only on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

  • Phagocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells
72
Q

How are MHC II formed?

A

Antigens engulfed by phagocytosis are broken down and incorporated into MCH II aka

  • Antigen processing
73
Q

What happens if a foreign antigen/MHC II complex is present?

A

can lead to activation of
T cells

74
Q

Helper T cells function

A

Stimulate both T and B cells

Secrete cytokines

Coordinate activities of immune system

75
Q

Helper T cells possess what?

A

Possess CD4 cell markers

76
Q

Helper t cells respond to what?

A

Respond to MHC II/antigen complexes

77
Q

Cytotoxic T function

A

Attack antigens physically and chemically

78
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells attack antigens?

A

through Lymphotoxin, perforins and apoptosis

79
Q

Cytotoxic T cells possess what?

A

Possess CD8 cell markers

80
Q

Cytotoxic T cells respond to what?

A

Respond to MHCI/antigen complexes

81
Q

Memory T

A

Both cytotoxic and helper T cells

Respond to same antigen on subsequent exposures

82
Q

Why are there millions of types of B cells?

A

each holds different antibodies in membrane

83
Q

B cells contain what?

A

Also have MHC II

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

84
Q

Once activated B cells become what?

A

plasma cells responsible for antibody production

85
Q

What are the actions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization

Precipitation and agglutination

Activation of complement system

Attraction of phagocytes

Opsonization

Stimulation of inflammation

Prevention of adhesion

86
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune systems?

A
  • Draining excess interstitial fluid
  • Transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A,
    D, E, K) to blood
  • Facilitating the immune response
87
Q

Where does the lymphatic system take excess interstitial fluid?

A

Returns it to cardiovascular system

88
Q

How does the lymphatic and immune systems facilitate immune response?

A

through:
* Pathogens

  • Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
89
Q

What are the parts of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • lymph trunks and ducts
90
Q

Lymph

A
  • Fluid
  • Same composition as interstitial fluid
  • Only difference is location
  • Formed by capillary filtration
91
Q

Lymph nodes shape

A

Small, bean shaped structures
* Approximately 600

92
Q

Lymph nodes location

A
  • Scattered throughout body, but concentrations in neck, groin, and arm pit areas
93
Q

Lymph nodes contain what?

A
  • Contain macrophages, lymphocytes
94
Q

Lymph nodes function

A

filter lymph

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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