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Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A
  • in the thoracic cavity
  • each contained in a separate chamber
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2
Q

What separates the two chambers that contain the lungs?

A

the mediastinum

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3
Q

What kind of membranes covers the lungs?

A

pleural membranes

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of pleural membranes covering the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura

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5
Q

Parietal pleura:

A

lines thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs

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7
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

the space between pleural membranes

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8
Q

The pleural cavity contains what?

A
  • filled with fluid
  • negative pressure
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9
Q

What is the function of the fluid filling the pleural cavity?

A
  • prevent friction
  • causes membranes to adhere to one another
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10
Q

What is the function of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity?

A
  • draws the air that you breathe into your lungs
  • aids in inhalation
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11
Q

What is the hilus?

A

the region where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter/exit the lungs

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12
Q

What do the lungs contain?

A
  • pleural cavity
  • pleural membranes
  • hilus
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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13
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

arise from bronchioles

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14
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the alveolar ducts?

A

simple squamous

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15
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs at the ends of alveolar ducts

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16
Q

Alveoli characteristics

A

sites of gas exchange

Look like clusters of grapes.

Large surface area (70-140 m2 )

Closely associated with pulmonary capillaries

Secrete surfactant

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17
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

reduce the surface restriction at the air-liquid interface

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18
Q

What waste product is produced by gas exchanges?

A

CO2

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19
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs

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20
Q

Pulmonary ventilation requires what?

A

muscles/ATP

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21
Q

Pulmonary ventilation involves what two processes?

A

inhalation and exhalation

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22
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

external and internal respiration

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23
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood (diffusion)

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24
Q

What is external respiration on a molecular level?

A

exchange between gases in alveoli and gases in pulmonary capillaries

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25
Q

Internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissues (diffusion)

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26
Q

What is internal respiration on a molecular level?

A

between systemic capillaries and all the cells and tissues in the body

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27
Q

Air flows due to what?

A

pressure gradients

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28
Q

What must the pressure be to inhale?

A

Pressure in lungs must be less than atmospheric

When pressure inside is less than atmospheric, air enters into lungs

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29
Q

What causes the decrease in pressure during inhalation?

A

by increasing the volume of the lungs

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30
Q

Inhalation follows what gas law?

A

Boyle’s law

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31
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume are inversely related

  • As volume increases, pressure decreases
  • As pressure increases, volume decreases
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32
Q

The change in volume during inhalation is achieved by what?

A
  • Contraction of the diaphragm
  • Contraction of external intercostal muscles
  • Accessory muscles
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33
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm is responsible for what?

A

responsible for the change in volume

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34
Q

Contraction of diaphragm: inhalation

A

Pulls lungs downward
(expands thoracic/chest cavity vertically)

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35
Q

The contraction of the diaphragm does most of the work when?

A

Does most of the work when the body is at rest (75%)

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36
Q

Contraction of external intercostal muscles (25% of work)

A

expands chest/thoracic cavity front to back/horizontally

Pulls ribs & lungs outward and upward

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37
Q

What accessory muscles assist in the change of volume during inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, pectoralis minor

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38
Q

When does exhalation occur?

A

Occurs when pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric

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39
Q

Exhalation is what kind of process?

A

Passive process at rest (no need energy/ATP/muscles relax)

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40
Q

Breathing out: The pressure in the lungs being greater than the pressure in the atmosphere is due to what?

A

Due to elastic recoil of lungs when diaphragm relaxes

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41
Q

Exhalation is assisted by what accessory muscles during what activity?

A

During exercise, is aided by internal intercostals and abdominals (pushes up)

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42
Q

Gases exchanges within the body (internal and external respiration) are what kind of processes?

A
  • passive (simple diffusion from here on out)
  • obey gas laws
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43
Q

Dalton’s law (law of partial pressure)

A

Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases are not present

Pressure of each gas is called a partial pressure

Total pressure of the mixture is calculated by adding the partial pressures of all gases present

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44
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (amount)?

A

760 mmHg

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45
Q

The atmosphere is composed mainly of what gas?

A

nitrogen

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46
Q

Henry’s law

A
  • Solubility of gases in solution
  • The amount of gas that will dissolve in a solution (plasma) at a constant temperature is dependent upon:
    - Partial pressure of the gas
    • ## Solubility: how well does the gas go into solution
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47
Q

Solubility of gases

A

O2 is only partly soluble

CO2 is 24x more soluble

N2 is barely soluble and does not affect us under normal conditions

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48
Q

External respiration process (actually)

A

O2 diffuses from air into the blood (pulmonary capillaries)

CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the air

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49
Q

Oxygen transport: plasma

A

O2 is not very soluble in water/plasma

This is approximately 1.5% of the O2-carrying capacity of the blood

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50
Q

What components are enough to support regular metabolism?

A

RBCs/hemoglobin

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51
Q

What increases the oxygen-carrying capacity?

A

hemoglobin

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52
Q

Each hemoglobin can carry how many oxygen molecules?

A

4

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53
Q

RBCs/hemoglobin accounts for how much blood carrying capacity?

A

98.5%

54
Q

RBCs/hemoglobin: total O2 to blood

A

20 ml O2 per 100 ml of blood or 1L in 5L of blood

55
Q

Fully saturated

A

When all of the oxygen binding sites on the hemoglobin are filled with oxygen

  • hemoglobin either has all 4 or none at all
56
Q

Partially saturated

A

When blood contains a mixture of saturated and deoxygenated hemoglobin

57
Q

Percent saturation

A

the average saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

58
Q

What is the percent saturation dependent on?

A

partial pressure

59
Q

What is the effect of higher partial pressure on percent saturation?

A

higher saturation percent (up to 100%)

60
Q

When is 100% saturation good?

A

100% saturation is good at lungs

61
Q

When is 100% saturation bad?

A

bad at tissues because no O2 was delivered/high affinity

62
Q

The lower the oxygen partial pressure, the __________ amount of deoxyhemoglobin,

A

greater

63
Q

Hemoglobin binds and releases at what O2 partial pressure?

A
  • binds to O2 at high PO2
  • releases O2 at low PO2
64
Q

What is hemoglobin affinity?

A

How quickly & tightly does the hemoglobin bind to O2

65
Q

When does high affinity hemoglobin become saturated?

A

at a lower PO2

66
Q

High affinity is good for what?

A

Good for loading O2

67
Q

Low-affinity hemoglobin requires what kind of oxygen partial pressure?

A

a higher PO2

68
Q

What is low-affinity hemoglobin good for?

A

Good for delivering O2

69
Q

What four factors affect hemoglobin affinity?

A

pH, CO2, temperature, BPG

70
Q

What kind of relationship does hemoglobin affinity and pH have?

A

directly proportional
- increase/increase
- decrease/decrease

71
Q

In acid conditions (low pH), hemoglobin has what kind of affinity?

A

low affinity

72
Q

In acid conditions (low pH), hemoglobin does what to O2?

A

release O2

73
Q

In alkaline conditions (high pH), hemoglobin has what kind of affinity?

A

high affinity

74
Q

In alkaline conditions (high pH), hemoglobin does what to O2?

A

will bind to O2

75
Q

What is the process of altering the hemoglobin/O2 loading/releasing depending on the pH?

A

Bohr effect

76
Q

The Bohr effect aids in what?

A

Aids in the delivery of oxygen to tissues and pick up of oxygen at the lungs

77
Q

CO2 is 24X more ___________ in plasma than _____.

A

soluble, O2

78
Q

What are the three forms CO2 can be transported?

A

Dissolved CO2 (7%)

Carbaminohemoglobin (23%): bound to Hb

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3 - ) (70%)

79
Q

What is responsible for controlling breathing?

A

respiratory centers

80
Q

Where are respiratory centers located?

A

Located in the medulla and pons

81
Q

What are the three respiratory centers?

A
  • Medullary rhythmicity area
  • Pneumotaxic area
  • Apneustic area
82
Q

Where is the medullary rhythmicity area located?

A

Medulla

83
Q

What is the medullary rhythmicity area’s function?

A

Controls basic breathing patterns

84
Q

What kind of neurons does the medullary rhythmicity area contain?

A

Inspiratory and Expiratory

85
Q

Inspiratory are responsible for what?

A

normal breathing (only these used during normal breathing)

86
Q

Expiratory neurons are active during what?

A

forceful exhalation (e.g. exercise)

87
Q

Pneumotaxic area function

A

increases breathing rate by shortening inhalation to promote exhalation

Impulses shorten inhalation

88
Q

Pneumotaxic area location

A

pons

89
Q

What is responsible for the regulation of respiratory centers?

A
  • Cortical influences
  • Chemical Levels of CO2 and H+ affect breathing patterns
  • Proprioceptors during movement/exercise signal an increase in breathing

Hering-Breuer reflexes

90
Q

Apneustic area function

A

opposite of pneumotaxic,

slows breathing rate activating and prolonging inhalation thus inhibiting exhalation

91
Q

Apneustic area location

A

pons

92
Q

Cortical influences

A
  • too much CO2 causes decrease/acidic pH
  • Breathing resumes, regardless of environmental conditions
93
Q

What structure is responsible for our ability to control our breathing?

A

Cerebral cortex

94
Q

The ability to not breathe is dependent upon what?

A

the buildup of CO2 and H+ in blood

95
Q

An increase in CO2 or [H+ ] causes what?

A

stimulation of inspiration

96
Q

Chemical Levels of CO2 and H+ are sensed by what?

A

chemoreceptors

97
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors that sense chemical of CO2 and H+?

A

Central and Peripheral

98
Q

Central chemoreceptors location

A

located in medulla

99
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors location

A

aorta and carotid arteries;

100
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to what?

A

these are also sensitive to changes in O2

101
Q

Chemical Levels of CO2 and H+: what chemical levels increase the breathing rate?

A

Increased PCO2
decrease in pH,
and/or decrease in PO2

102
Q

How do proprioceptors affect breathing?

A

proprioceptors during movement/exercise signal an increase in breathing

103
Q

Hering-Breuer reflexes

A

Inflation reflex and exhalation reflex

104
Q

Inflation reflex

A

baroreceptors in lungs prevent overfilling

105
Q

Exhalation reflex

A

stimulates inhalation center (prevents exhaling too much)

106
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the
    blood and the cells
  • Communication/ speech
  • Regulate pH
107
Q

How does the respiratory system function in the exchange of O2 and CO2?

A
  • To bring in oxygen needed for metabolism
  • To rid the body of carbon dioxide
108
Q

How does the respiratory system help maintain pH?

A

it keeps the pH slightly above neutral

109
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory system?

A

the nose passages and the pharynx

110
Q

The nasal passages contain/include what structures?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, hair, and mucus

111
Q

What is the function of the hair and mucus in the nasal passages?

A

to trap and filter potentially harmful material from the air

112
Q

What are the functions of the nasal passages?

A
  • to trap and filter potentially harmful material from the air
  • to warm and humidify air entering the nose to keep it at the bodies temperature
  • modify sounds used in speech
113
Q

The nasal passages are the site of what receptors?

A

olfactory receptors

114
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Common passageway for food and air

115
Q

How is the pharynx connected to the nasal passages?

A

by 2 internal nares

116
Q

Other than the nasal cavity/passage, what other cavity is the pharynx connected to?

A

oral cavity

117
Q

What other structures are present in the pharyngeal area?

A
  • Eustachian tubes to ears
  • Tonsils and adenoids
118
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi and bronchioles
  • lungs
119
Q

What is the structural function of the larynx?

A

Connects pharynx to trachea

120
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

Composed 3 major pieces of cartilage and 3 pairs of smaller cartilage

121
Q

What are the three pairs of smaller cartilage in the larynx?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage: Adam’s apple
  • Cricoid cartilage: below the thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis: covers larynx during swallowing
122
Q

The larynx contains what major structure?

A

Vocal cords: produce sounds used in speech

123
Q

What is the trachea?

A

*Tube running from larynx to bronchi

124
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

*Located anterior to the esophagus

125
Q

What supports the trachea?

A

*Supported by 15-20 “C” shaped pieces of cartilage
(the rings on the trachea)

126
Q

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A

*Lined by ciliated columnar epithelia

127
Q

The trachea branches at the bottom to form what structure?

A

bronchi

128
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

*Connects the trachea to alveoli

129
Q

Bronchi, like the trachea, have what?

A

*supported by cartilage rings

130
Q

What are the three different bronchi?

A
  • Primary bronchi (from trachea)
    *Secondary bronchi
    *Tertiary bronchi
131
Q

Bronchi branch to form what?

A

*Bronchioles
*Terminal bronchioles

132
Q

What are the trends seen in bronchi to terminal bronchioles?

A

*Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia to simple
cuboidal

*Incomplete cartilage ring to plates to finally disappear

*As cartilage disappears more smooth muscle appears

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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