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Anatomy & Physiology II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process of producing gametes

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2
Q

What are the male and female gametes?

A

sperm and ova

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3
Q

Where goes gametogenesis occur?

A

Only occurs in gonads

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4
Q

What cellular process is used production of gametes?

A

meiosis

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

piece of DNA containing genes

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6
Q

Chromatid

A

½ of replicated chromosome

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7
Q

Haploid

A

having one copy of each chromosome (1N)

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8
Q

Diploid

A

having 2 copies of each chromosome (2N)

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9
Q

Homologous pairs

A

2 copies of the same chromosome

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10
Q

Zygote

A

cell that is formed by fusion of gametes

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

2 cell divisions with only one DNA replication
- Halves the chromosome number

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12
Q

Interphase

A

normal cell growth and functioning;

  • DNA replication happens here
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13
Q

Meiosis I: Prophase l

A
  • Chromosomes condense; nuclear membrane disappears
  • Synapsis: homologous pairs come together to form a tetrad
  • Crossover
  • Formation of spindle
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14
Q

Meiosis I: Metaphase I

A

tetrads line up in middle

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15
Q

Meiosis I: Anaphase I

A

homologous pairs separate

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16
Q

Meiosis I: Telophase I

A

reforming of nucleus

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17
Q

Meiosis I: Cytokinesis

A

splitting of cytoplasm
- 2 haploid cells

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18
Q

Meiosis II: Prophase II

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear membrane disappears
  • formation of spindle
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19
Q

Meiosis II: Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up in center

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20
Q

Meiosis II: Anaphase II

A

separation of sister chromatids

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21
Q

Meiosis II: Telophase II & cytokinesis

A

reforming of
nucleus and division of cytoplasm

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22
Q

Results of Meiosis

A

4 haploid cells
- All genetically different due to crossover

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23
Q

Scrotum

A

External sac that contains testes

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24
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Function is to regulate temperature of testes

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25
Q

Why does the temperature of sperm need to be regulated?

A

Human sperm do not develop normally at body temperatures (so put on outside of the body)

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26
Q

What muscles are used by the scrotum to regulate its temperature?

A

Cremaster and dartos muscles (rise and lower for temp regulation)

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27
Q

Testes

A

Paired glands in the scrotum

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28
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Site of sperm production

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29
Q

The testes contain what structures?

A

lobules

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30
Q

Lobules

A

compartments containing seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

What cells are present in the lobules?

A

Sertoli cells (nurse cells)

Spermatogenic cells

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

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32
Q

Sertoli cells (nurse cells)

A

supporting cells that protect and secrete nutrients for developing sperm

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33
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

give rise to sperm through meiosis (through lots of complex process become sperm)

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34
Q

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

A

produce testosterone

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35
Q

Epididymis

A
  • joins to the ductus deferens
  • Comma shaped organ located on the surface of each testis
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36
Q

Epididymis function

A
  • Sperm travel from testes to epididymis
  • Functions as a site of sperm maturation and short-term storage
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37
Q

Ductus (Vas) deferens

A
  • Tubule that stores sperm and conveys them to the urethra
  • Can store sperm for one month
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38
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A
  • Located posterior to bladder, just before the urethra
  • Receive fluid from seminal vesicles and sperm from vas deferens
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39
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Pouch like structures posterior to bladder, just above rectum

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40
Q

Seminal vesicles function

A
  • Produce 60% of volume of semen
  • Secrete alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins
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41
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland located at base of bladder and surrounding the urethra

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42
Q

Prostate gland function

A

Secretes a slightly acidic fluid containing seminalplasmin and enzymes

  • Produces 25% of semen’s volume
  • Contributes to sperms motility and viability
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43
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

A

Size of a pea, located on either side of urethra below prostate

44
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands function

A
  • Secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize acid environment in urethra
  • Secrete lubricating mucus (pre-…..yes)
45
Q

Penis

A
  • Male copulatory organ
  • Contains urethra
  • Contains erectile tissue that fills with blood
46
Q

What are the erectile tissues of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa (2 chambers)

Corpora spongiosum

Glans penis (head of penis) is extension of corpora spongiosum

47
Q

An erection is what kind of reflex?

A

parasympathetic reflex

48
Q

What factors contribute or cause an erection?

A

Visual, tactile (touch), olfactory, auditory or imagined

Release of Nitric Oxide (NO) causes vasodilation
- Increased blood flow

Corpora fill with blood, putting pressure on veins that normal drain penis

49
Q

Priapism

A

penis maintains a prolonged, rigid erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation

50
Q

Ejaculation is what kind of reflex?

A

sympathetic reflex

51
Q

How does ejaculation occur?

A
  • Smooth muscle at base of urinary bladder closes to prevent urine from being expelled or sperm from entering bladder
  • Peristaltic contractions
52
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sperm production

53
Q

Sperm production

A
  • takes 65-75 days
  • Occurs from puberty till death
54
Q

Spermatogenesis process

A

Spermatogenic cells (precursor cells) become 2N spermatogonium

Spermatogonium divide to produce primary spermatocyte (2N)-mitosis

Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes (1N)

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form 4 spermatids (1N)
- Joined by cytoplasmic bridges

Spermatids undergo differentiation (no make more) to form sperm

  - Spermiogenesis
55
Q

What hormones control Spermatogenesis?

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Testosterone
56
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

stimulates the anterior pituitary which stimulates the release of:
- Luteinizing hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone

57
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone (targets testes…i think)

58
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

works with testosterone on Sertoli cells to control the rate of spermatogenesis

59
Q

Testosterone

A

stimulates spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics

60
Q

Semen characteristics

A

Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

Mean volume: 2.5 - 5 ml

Sperm count: 20 – 100 million/ml

pH 7.2 - 7.7

Also contains antibiotics to kill bacteria in the urethra and vagina

61
Q

What sperm count is needed for a male to be considered infertile?

A

Counts below 20 million/ml
- High numbers because few numbers reach secondary oocyte

62
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Homologous to testes
  • Located to either side of the uterus, in the pelvic cavity
  • Covered by germinal epithelium
63
Q

Structures of the ovary

A
  • Tunica tissue albunea
  • Ovarian cortex
  • Ovarian medulla
  • Ovarian follicles
  • Mature follicle
  • Corpus luteum
64
Q

Tunica tissue albunea

A

capsule of dense connective

65
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

dense connective tissue containing ovarian follicles

66
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

loose connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels and nerves

67
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Composed of öocytes in various stages

  • Surrounded by support cells
    - Follicular cells
    - Granulosa cells
68
Q

Follicular cells =

A

primordial foilicles

69
Q

Granulosa cells =

A

developing follicle

70
Q

What is the function of the follicular and granulosa cells?

A

Secrete nutrients for developing oocyte and secrete estrogens

71
Q

Mature follicle

A

releases secondary oocyte during ovulation

72
Q

Corpus luteum

A
  • remains of ovulated mature follicle
  • produces progesterones, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin
73
Q

Fallopian tubes

A
  • Small tubes that extend from near the ovaries to the uterus
  • Functions to transport the secondary öocyte to uterus
  • contain Cilia and muscular contractions that push oocyte along
  • Fertilization usually occurs here
74
Q

Infundibulum

A

End of Fallopian tube near ovary
- Open to pelvic cavity

Funnel-like structure that helps guide oocyte to Fallopian tube
- Fimbriae (finger-like projection) (be trying to grab the oocyte)

75
Q

Uterus

A
  • Located between the urinary bladder and the rectum
  • Site of implantation of embryo, development of fetus, and labor
76
Q

What are the three parts of the uterus?

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Cervix : part that opens into vagina
77
Q

What are the three tissue layers of the uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
78
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer layer, simple squamous

79
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle layer
Has 3 layers of smooth muscle (push da baby)

80
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer, highly vascularized (blood vessels)

Sloughed off during menstruation

81
Q

The endometrium contains what structures?

A

Uterine glands = contain nutrients for embryo

Spiral arteries = blood vessels; these motherfuckers are responsible for cramping

82
Q

Vagina characteristics

A

Passageway from the cervix to the outside

The mucosal layer is continuous with the uterus

Made of stratified squamous epithelium, 2 layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue

pH is acidic to retard bacterial growth

83
Q

Vulva

A
  • Protective external structure
  • Plays role in sexual arousal
  • Composed of:
    - Mons pubis
    - Labia minor and labia major
    - Clitoris (homologous to glans penis)
84
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of ova

85
Q

How is male and female gamete production different?

A

males produce sperm from puberty to death; females are born with all the eggs they’ll ever have

86
Q

Oogenesis: First part

A

Ovarian germ cells differentiate into oogonia

Öogonia develop into primary öocytes (2N)

Primary öocyte enters into prophase I of meiosis during fetal development and stops

Do not complete meiosis I until after puberty

Each month after puberty, a primary oocyte will resume meiosis I to form a secondary öocyte and a polar body

87
Q

Atresia

A

the degeneration and resorption of several follicles and their ovules (a form of apoptosis) prior to the maturation and release of one ovule from a healthy follicle

88
Q

Oogenesis: Second part

A

Secondary öocyte proceeds with meiosis II up to metaphase II (dis also no finish but get further)

Secondary öocyte is released from mature follicle during ovulation

If fertilization does not occur the secondary oocyte degenerates

If fertilization does occur

     - The secondary oocyte resumes meiosis II forming ovum and polar body 

     - Sperm and egg nuclei fuse and a zygote is formed
89
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A
  • Monthly cycle in nonpregnant females from puberty to menopause
  • Average 28 days in length
90
Q

What are the 2 cycles of the Female Reproductive Cycle?

A

Ovarian
- Maturation of oocyte

Menstrual cycle (in uterus)
- Preparation of endometrium for implantation

91
Q

What hormones are responsible for regulating the female reproductive cycle?

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Relaxin
  • Inhibin
92
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Controlled by gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

93
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle: Luteinizing hormone

A
  • stimulates further development of the follicle
  • full secretion of estrogens
  • ovulation
  • development of the corpus luteum
  • stimulates production of hormones
94
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle: Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

initiates follicular growth and secretion of estrogens

95
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sexual characteristics, and breast development
  • Increases protein anabolism
  • Lowers blood cholesterol
  • Inhibits release of GnRH, LH, FSH
96
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Secreted by corpus luteum
  • Acts synergistically with estrogen for endometrial development
  • Helps maintain pregnancy
  • Inhibits release of GnRH and LH
97
Q

Relaxin

A

Released by corpus luteum

Relaxes uterus, improving chances of implantation

During pregnancy, released by placenta the relax uterus for fetal growth

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis at end of pregnancy

98
Q

Inhibin

A

only want to expel one oocyte at one type so stops growth of other follicles and hormones

Secreted by growing follicle and corpus luteum

Inhibits secretion of FSH

99
Q

What are the phases of the female monthly cycle?

A
  • menstrual phase
  • pre-ovulatory phase
  • ovulation
  • post-ovulatory phase
100
Q

Menstrual phase

A
  • At beginning of cycle
  • Lasts approximately 5 days

Several follicles begin to mature into secondary follicles
- GnRH and FSH are high
- May take several months to develop

Menstrual flow
- Endometrial lining is shed due to lack of progesterone
- 50-150 ml of blood, fluid and tissue

101
Q

Pre-ovulatory phase

A
  • Between menstruation and ovulation
  • Follicles continue to grow under influence of FSH
  • At about day 6, one follicle outgrows others
    - Dominant follicle secretes estrogens and inhibin
    - FSH levels decrease
    - Other follicles undergo atresia (degrade)
    - Endometrial lining begins to thicken

LH levels begin to rise at end of phase

102
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Occurs generally on day 14
  • High levels of LH caused by high levels of estrogen

Release of the secondary oocyte
- ~9 hrs after LH spike

Oocyte then travels into Fallopian tube or is lost in abdominal cavity

103
Q

Post ovulatory phase

A
  • Lasts approximately 14 days (has the most variation in women)

LH stimulates ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogens, relaxin and inhibin

Estrogens and progesterone stimulate growth of endometrium
- Wall thickens in preparation for implantation
- Is thickest about one week after ovulation

104
Q

Female monthly cycle: If oocyte is not fertilized

A

Corpus luteum only survives about 2 weeks

Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease (endometrium lining begins to degrade again)

Levels of GnRH and FSH begin to rise

Cycle begins again

105
Q

Female monthly cycle: If oocyte is fertilized

A

Embryo implants into endometrial lining

Embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hCG stimulates growth of corpus luteum

Corpus luteum continues to secrete hormones and pregnancy develop

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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