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Anatomy & Physiology II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Long tube, approximately 23 feet

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2
Q

How does the GI tract control the movement of contents from one area to another?

A

GI tract contains sphincters

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3
Q

What are the four sphincters of the GI tract?

A

cardiac, pyloric, ileocecal, and anal sphincters

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4
Q

Cardiac sphincter location

A

between the esophagus and stomach (located level with the heart)

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5
Q

Cardiac sphincter function

A

prevents contents of stomach from coming back up the esophagus

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6
Q

Pyloric sphincter location

A

between stomach and duodenum (first part of the small intestines)

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7
Q

Pyloric sphincter function

A

Control the rate of emptying the stomach and acid neutralization

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8
Q

Ileocecal sphincter location

A

between small and large intestine

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9
Q

Anal sphincter location

A

between rectum and outside

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10
Q

Accessory organs of the GI tract do not contain what?

A

do not contain ingested material but help with digestion (e.g. teeth, liver)

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11
Q

The mouth is the site for what?

A
  • Site where food enters the digestive tract, aka ingestion
  • Site of sensory receptors
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12
Q

How do the lips, cheeks, and tongue assist in digestion?

A

manipulate and hold food for chewing

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13
Q

Teeth are responsible for what function?

A

used for mechanical digestion

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14
Q

What two substances are teeth composed of?

A

the bone-like material dentin and enamel

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15
Q

What are the four types of teeth that humans have?

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Molars
  • Bicuspids
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16
Q

Incisors function

A

biting (like scissors)

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17
Q

Canines function

A

ripping

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18
Q

Molars and Bicuspids function

A

chewing/grinding (like tenderizers)

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19
Q

What are the two sets of teeth that humans receive in their lifetime?

A

Baby/deciduous/milk teeth (20)

Permanent teeth (32)

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20
Q

What structure covers the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

papillae (dem bumps on the tongue)

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21
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Manipulation of food

The primary site of taste buds

Secretes lingual lipase

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22
Q

What is lingual lipase?

A

enzyme that breaks down lipids

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23
Q

Salivary glands function

A

Secrete saliva for moistening and digestion

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24
Q

How much saliva do humans secrete daily?

A

1.5 L /day

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25
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • Parotids
  • Sublingual
  • Submandibular
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26
Q

Parotid glands location

A

near ears

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27
Q

Sublingual glands location

A

under tongue

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28
Q

Submandibular location

A

under tongue, behind sublinguals

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29
Q

Composition of saliva: percentage

A

99.5% water

0.5% solutes

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30
Q

What solutes are found in the saliva?

A
  • Salts
  • Lysozyme
  • Salivary amylase
  • Mucins
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31
Q

Lysozyme function

A

destroy bacteria

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32
Q

Salivary amylase function

A

starch breakdown

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33
Q

Mucins function

A

lubrication

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34
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Keeps membranes moist

Dissolves chemicals for taste

Lubricates and begins chemical digestion of food

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35
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

mastication of food to form a bolus

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36
Q

What is a bolus?

A

mixture of food and saliva

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37
Q

What enzymes are involved in the chemical digestion taking place in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase and Lingual lipase

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38
Q

Salivary amylase function

A

breakdown starch into simple sugars

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39
Q

Lingual lipase function (again)

A

STARTS lipid digestion

  • Most lipid digestion does not begin until in the stomach
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40
Q

What is the bolus role in continuing the digestive process from the mouth to the rest of the body?

A

the bolus is pushed back to the pharyngeal (pharynx) region by the tongue initiating the swallowing reflex

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41
Q

The pharynx is the common passageway to what to tracts?

A

to both GI and respiratory tract

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42
Q

The pharynx is responsible for what problem in the mouth?

A

choking

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43
Q

What is the pharynx function in the GI tract?

A

connects mouth to esophagus

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44
Q

Esophagus characteristics

A
  • About 10 inches long
  • Passes through diaphragm
  • Upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle, lower 2/3 is smooth muscle
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45
Q

Esophagus function

A

Connects pharynx to the stomach

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46
Q

What process pushes food along?

A

peristalsis

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47
Q

Peristalsis

A

The involuntary contraction of the muscles of the intestine or another canal creates wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

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48
Q

How is the bolus moved to the stomach?

A
  • Circular muscles above bolus contract (pushes food
    forward)
  • Simultaneously, longitudinal muscles contract and
    shorten section just below bolus
  • This action pushes esophagus walls outward to receive bolus
  • Alternating contractions and relaxations move food
    towards stomach
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49
Q

What causes heartburn?

A
  • Occurs when the cardiac sphincter at the base does not
    close
  • Hydrochloric acid from the stomach splashes back
    into esophagus
  • Esophagus does not have a protective coating like
    stomach and is burned
  • the resulting pain is referred to as heartburn
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50
Q

The stomach contains what structures?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pyloris
  • Pyloric sphincter
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51
Q

What is the Cardia?

A

The part of the stomach that is closest to the esophagus.

Food and liquids pass through the cardia to enter the stomach from the esophagus.

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52
Q

What is the Fundus?

A

The fundus is a dome-shaped section at the top of the stomach.

It does not usually store food unless the stomach is full.

The fundus stores any gas that is a byproduct of digestion.

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53
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

main portion of the stomach that holds and churns food

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54
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

The furthest part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum

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55
Q

How much content can the stomach hold at a given time?

A

1.5 L

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56
Q

What are the folds in the mucosal layer of the stomach called?

A

rugae

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57
Q

What is the function of rugae?

A

increase the surface area of the stomach

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58
Q

The stomach contains 3 layers of muscle for what purpose?

A

Very muscular for mixing & mechanical digestion

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59
Q

What are the three muscular layers of the stomach?

A
  • longitudinal
  • circular
  • oblique
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60
Q

What are the structures that are dotted over the mucosa of the stomach called?

A

gastric pits

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61
Q

Gastric pits contain what kind of glands?

A

exocrine glands

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62
Q

What is the epithelium of the gastric pits composed of?

A

Mucous surface and neck cells

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63
Q

Mucous surface and neck cells function

A

secrete mucous

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64
Q

What other cells are found in the stomach’s gastric glands (below the gastric pits)?

A
  • Chief (zymogenic) cells
  • Parietal cells
  • G cells- gastrin
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65
Q

Chief (zymogenic) cells function

A

secrete pepsinogen

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66
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid.

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67
Q

Parietal cells function

A

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

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68
Q

What is an intrinsic factor?

A

an active form of B12

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69
Q

G cells function

A

secrete gastrin

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70
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A
  • Stimulates chief and parietal cells to release their secretions
  • Initiates the contractions of gastric wall
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71
Q

How long can food remain in the stomach (fundus) before digestion is initiated?

A

1 hour

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72
Q

Mechanical digestion: stomach

A

mixing waves of peristalsis mix the
food with secretions and serve to break it down

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73
Q

What is the product/mixture formed from the mechanical digestion of the stomach?

A

chyme

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74
Q

What is the primary form of digestion in the stomach?

A

mechanical digestion

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75
Q

What two chemicals are involved in the chemical digestion in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin

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76
Q

What is the pH of HCl?

A

2

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77
Q

What are the actions of HCl in the stomach?

A
  • Secretion of acid stops the action of amylase and activates lipase from saliva
  • Kills microbes
  • Activates pepsinogen to pepsin (protein digestion)
  • Activates hormones for secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes
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78
Q

What is the primary function of HCl?

A

Activates pepsinogen to pepsin (protein digestion)

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79
Q

What protects the stomach from being destroyed by HCl?

A

Mucus lining protects the stomach from acid.

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80
Q

The stomach is primarily responsible for the digestion of what macronutrient?

A

protein

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81
Q

Why does very little absorption take place in the stomach?

A

the mucous lining of the stomach

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82
Q

What material CAN be absorbed in the stomach?

A

water, ions, caffeine

83
Q

How long does it take for the stomach to empty into the duodenum?

A

2-6 hours after eating

84
Q

What three phases are responsible for controlling gastric secretions?

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phase

85
Q

What initiates the cephalic phase?

A

Sensory receptors in the head:
- sight
- smell
- thought of food

86
Q

Cephalic phase: neurological process

A
  • The cerebral cortex and hypothalamus send signals
    to medulla
  • Impulse is sent along Vagus nerve to stomach to
    begin secretion
  • Also stimulates contraction of stomach
87
Q

What initiates the gastric phase?

A

Sensory receptors in the stomach:

  • Chemoreceptors detect changes in pH
  • Stretch receptors detect distension of the stomach
88
Q

What is the effect of more food entering the stomach on receptors?

A

higher pH and higher distension

89
Q

The gastric phase is controlled through what processing system?

A

negative feedback

90
Q

An increase in pH and distension causes what to happen to the cells in the stomach?

A
  • mucous cells secrete mucous
  • chief cells secrete pepsinogen
  • parietal cells secrete HCl
  • G cells stimulate contractions of stomach
91
Q

Why does the stomach need to secrete HCl when more food enters the stomach?

A

Food increases the pH, and HCl lowers the pH back down in order to continue digestion

92
Q

What happens when the contraction of the stomach causes some chyme to be ejected into the duodenum?

A

As chyme leaves, pH decreases and distension
decreases therefore fewer secretions are secreted

93
Q

Why is the intestinal phase named what it is?

A

the intestines help to regulate the emptying of the contents in the stomach

94
Q

What is the function of the intestinal phase?

A

prevent overfilling of duodenum

95
Q

What initiates the intestinal phase?

A

receptors in duodenum

96
Q

What is the function of the receptors in the duodenum?

A

Has an inhibitory effect on the stomach and its
secretions

  • has stretch receptors that stop the activity in the stomach to process material in the duodenum and vice versa
97
Q

What are the additional functions of the intestinal phase?

A

smooth muscle contraction and stomach emptying

98
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Liver, Gall Bladder, and Pancreas

99
Q

The pancreas empties into the duodenum via what?

A

pancreatic duct

100
Q

The pancreas contains what kind of cells?

A

acini cells

101
Q

Acini cells function

A

cells responsible for excretory function/ produce and secrete digestive enzymes

102
Q

What is pancreatic juice composed of?

A

Water

Salts

Bicarbonate

Has enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, fat, and nucleic acid digestion

103
Q

Bicarbonate function

A

Stops pepsin

  • neutralizes stomach acid so as to not destroy the mucous lining
104
Q

Alpha amylase is produced by what organ?

A

the pancreas

105
Q

Alpha amylase function

A

further breaks down carbs

106
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

the liver (3lbs)

107
Q

The liver contains what kind of cells?

A

hepatocytes

108
Q

Hepatocytes function

A

secretes bile (1liter / day)

109
Q

What is the pH of bile, and why?

A

pH 7.6-8.6

  • help bring the pH of chyme up
110
Q

Bile contains what?

A
  • water, bile salts, cholesterol, bile pigments, ions, and lecithin
111
Q

Bile salts function

A

emulsify lipids

  • is a chemical means of breaking lipids down into smaller parts
112
Q

What is the main bile pigment in the liver?

A

bilirubin
- a breakdown product of hemoglobin

113
Q

Bilirubin is responsible for what characteristic of bile?

A

bilirubin has no iron causing into produce green coloring; thus why bile is green

114
Q

What is Stercobilin?

A

is a breakdown product of bilirubin and is responsible for the brown color of feces

115
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Maintaining glucose levels in the blood (helps store excess glucose as glycogen)

Store some fats and makes cholesterol

De-aminates amino acids

Removal of drugs and hormones

Storage of vitamins and glycogen (vitamin A)

Removal and recycling of RBCs and other blood cells

Plasma protein synthesis

116
Q

What does it mean to de-aminate amino acids?

A

removes amine group in order to use protein/amino acids as energy when low in glucose

117
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

118
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

small sac under the liver

119
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage and release of bile

120
Q

How does the gallbladder release into the duodenum?

A

Release contents into the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct (coming out of the liver) to form common bile duct

121
Q

Define digestion

A

breaking down of food materials for
use by cells of the body

122
Q

Define ingestion

A

taking food into body

123
Q

Digestive system: define secretion

A

Cells of the GI tract and glands secrete 7L of fluids

124
Q

Define mechanical processing

A

physically breaking material down into smaller pieces; mixes with secretions

125
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

breakdown of food using
digestive enzymes, acids

126
Q

Digestive system: define absorption

A

passage of nutrients from GI tract
into blood or lymph

127
Q

Define defecation

A

elimination of indigestible material

128
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

129
Q

Mucosa characteristics

A
  • Innermost layer
  • Modified in areas for specific function
  • Composed of 3 layers
130
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa

131
Q

Which layer of mucosa comes in direct contact with the content of the GI tract?

A

the epithelium layer

132
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium layer of the mucosa?

A
  • Protection against infections
  • Secretion of enzymes, mucus, and hormones
133
Q

What type of epithelium is at the esophagus and anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

134
Q

What type of epithelium is at the stomach and intestines?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

135
Q

What type of tissue is the lamina propria composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue and MALT

136
Q

What does the lamina propria contain?

A

Contains blood vessels and lymph vessels

137
Q

What is the role of the vessels located in the lamina propria?

A

These vessels are the route by which nutrients
are absorbed by the GI tract are transported
to other areas of body

138
Q

What are the functions of the lamina propria?

A
  • Functions to support epithelium
  • Binds epithelium to muscularis
    mucosa
139
Q

What type of tissue is the muscularis mucosa?

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

140
Q

Muscularis mucosa function

A
  • Causes folds in the lining of the stomach and small
    intestine
  • Movement of these muscles ensures all
    absorptive cells come in contact with food
141
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that binds
mucosa to the third layer

142
Q

The submucosa contains what?

A

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands, and nerves

143
Q

The nerves of the submucosa form what?

A

Enteric nervous system : brain of the gut

144
Q

What is the function of the Enteric nervous
system?

A

Controls movements of mucosa and diameter of blood vessels going to gut

145
Q

Muscularis: What organs are composed of skeletal muscle for voluntary control?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • upper portions of the esophagus
  • external anal sphincter
146
Q

The rest of the muscularis layer contains what kind of muscle?

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)

147
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis layer?

A

Inner: circular fibers
Outer: longitudinal fibers

148
Q

Circular fibers function

A

Control the diameter

149
Q

Longitudinal fibers function

A

control the shortening and lengthening

150
Q

What organ contains a third layer of the muscularis and what is it called?

A

Stomach contains third layer (oblique fibers)

151
Q

The circular layer is thickened in areas to form what?

A

sphincters

152
Q

What is the function of the muscularis?

A

Function is to mix and propel food along

153
Q

What is the serosa layer?

A
  • Outermost layer of GI tract
  • Composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelia
  • Also called visceral peritoneum
154
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

Functions in protection and attaching to other structures

155
Q

What organ makes up the most length of the GI tract?

A

the small intestines
- approximately 20 ft long

156
Q

What is the primary site of nutrient absorption?

A

the small intestines

157
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestines?

A

Duodenum: shortest (top)

Jejunum: middle

Ileum: longest (bottom)

158
Q

Jejunum function

A

primarily breaks down major molecules

159
Q

Ileum function

A

absorption happen here mainly

160
Q

The mucosa of the small intestines is modified for what purpose?

A

increase surface area

161
Q

What are the three modifications to the mucosa of the small intestines?

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)
Villi
Microvilli

162
Q

Circular folds (plicae circulares) function

A

Control movement of chyme (spiral motion)

163
Q

What are Villi?

A

projections from mucosal epithelium & lamina propria

  • ½ - 1 mm long; give velvety appearance
164
Q

What are Microvilli?

A

projections from the apical portion of epithelial cells (it sooo fuzzzy!!) (coming off villi)

165
Q

Villi and microvilli function

A

secretion, absorption, and cellular sticking or adhesion

166
Q

What are the types of small intestine muscular movements?

A

Segmentations and Migrating Motility Complexes (MMCs)

167
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Local contractions in areas containing chyme

168
Q

Segmentations do not function to do what?

A

Not for transporting chyme

169
Q

Segmentations function

A

mix chyme with enzymes and bring it in contact with the walls of the intestine

170
Q

When do Migrating Motility Complexes (MMCs) begin?

A

after segmentation ends

171
Q

What are Migrating Motility Complexes (MMCs)?

A

a slow wave of peristalsis beginning at the stomach end, moving to the large intestine

172
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

began in mouth; enzymes (salivary amylase) break polysaccharides into simple sugars for absorption

Alpha amylase (pancreas) finishes breaking down complex carbs left over

173
Q

Protein digestion

A

4 pancreatic enzymes that finish protein digestion begun in stomach

174
Q

What enzyme in the small intestines breaks down protein?

A

Protease

175
Q

Lipid digestion

A

bile salts emulsify fats, and enzymes (lipases) break triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol

176
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A

nucleases that breakdown nucleic acids down into nucleotides

177
Q

What are the three intestinal hormones?

A

Secretin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Cholecystokinin

178
Q

Secretin function

A

Increase bile secretion

179
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide function

A

Release of insulin and inhibits gastrin release

180
Q

Cholecystokinin function

A

pancreatic secretion and bile release

181
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed?

A

as monosaccharides

182
Q

How are proteins absorbed?

A

as amino acids and small polypeptides (2-3 amino acids)

183
Q

How are short-chain fatty acids absorbed?

A

by diffusion

184
Q

How are long-chained fatty acids absorbed?

A

Monoglycerides are surrounded by bile salts to form micelles which transport the lipids to villi for absorption (via endocytosis)

185
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A

Inside the cell, the lipids are combined with proteins to form chylomicrons for transport through the lymphatic system (via exocytosis then move into lacteal)

186
Q

How long is the large intestines?

A

5 feet long

187
Q

What separates the small intestines from the large intestines?

A

ileocecal sphincter

188
Q

What structures make up the large intestines?

A

Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anus

189
Q

Appendix characteristics

A

Hangs inferior joined to the large intestines

190
Q

What are the four sections colon?

A

Ascending: right side of the body

Transverse: crosses the abdomen

Descending: left side of the body

Sigmoidal: curves back to meet rectum (s-shaped)

191
Q

Rectum

A

last 20 cm of GI tract

192
Q

Anus

A

the terminal end of the GI tract; opening is controlled by the anal sphincter

193
Q

What modification occurs in the mucosa of the large intestines

A
  • the mucosa layer has no villi (because not doing any/much absorption)
  • many goblet cells to produce mucus
194
Q

What is the difference in the longitudinal layer of muscularis in the large intestine?

A

The longitudinal layer of muscularis is reduced to 3 bands of muscle called the teniae coli

195
Q

Tenia coli function

A

act like a drawstring
- Gather lg. Intestine into pouches called haustra

196
Q

How does chyme move from the small intestines to the large intestines?

A

Small intestines filters chyme into the large intestines little by little where they’re made into larger masses in the large intestines

197
Q

What are the two types of muscular movements of the large intestines?

A

Haustral churning and Mass peristalsis

198
Q

Haustral churning

A
  • Haustra relax and distend as they fill
  • When filling reaches a certain point, they contract and propel contents forward (from haustra to haustra)
199
Q

Mass peristalsis

A
  • Strong peristaltic wave, beginning at the transverse colon and traveling to the rectum
  • Pushes contents along
  • Occur 3-4 times/day, usually after a meal
200
Q

Any chemical digestion that occurs here is the result of what?

A

bacterial action

201
Q

Are there digestive enzymes in the large intestines?

A

nope

202
Q

Bacterial action function

A
  • chemical digestion in the large intestines
  • produces vitamins B and K
  • products are absorbed into bloodstream and transported to the liver
203
Q

What are the functions of the large intestines?

A

Final absorption of water (1 liter)

Collection and compaction of wastes for removal

204
Q

Feces characteristics

A

3-10 hours after reaches large intestines, is converted to feces

5% of feces is bacteria

Feces are eliminated by defecation

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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