Urinary System Flashcards
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Dogs?
- Major:
- Acute and chronic renal failure
- Cystitis
- Urolithiasis
- Renal infarction
- Uremia
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Toxins: Ethylene glycol
- Minor:
- renal neoplasia
- Toxins: grapes/raisins, melamine
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Cats?
- Major:
- Acute and Chronic renal failure
- Lower urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)
- Urolithiasis
- Renal infarction
- Toxins:
- Lillies
- ethylene glycol
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Swine?
- Major:
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Minor:
- Toxins: plants (pigweed)
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Horses?
- Major:
- Uroperitoneum
- Patent urachus
- Mine:
- acute and chronic renal failure
- Toxins: NSAIDS, Aminoglycosides, blister beetles/cantharadin
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Cattle?
- Major:
- Pyelonephritis
- urolithiasis
- renal infarction
- Minor:
- Cystitis
- Patent urachus
- Toxins: plants (Oak, oxalates, Vit D, bracken fern) aminoglycosides
What are the Major and Minor urinary diseases of Sheep/goats
- Major:
- Urolithiasis; obstruction
- Toxins: epsilon toxin, enterotoxemia (from C perf type D)
- Minor:
- Toxins: plants (oak, oxalates, Vit D)
What are unipyramidal kidneys?
- Bean shaped, one single lobe, single papilla (crest) empties into renal pelvis
- Carnivores, horses, rodents, small ruminants
What are Multipyramidal/Multilobar kidneys
- Mostly bean shaped, multiple lobes (with external lobe structure) with multiple renal pyramids each drains into calyx which then drains into pelvis
- Cattle
What type of kidneys do humans/pigs have ?
- Multipyramidal/multilobar kidneys
- Bean shaped, multiple lobes (no external lobe structure) with multiple renal pyramids, each drains into a calyx which then drains into the pelvis
What is the structure of a nephron?
- Glomerulus (renal corpus)
- glomerular tuft
- mesangium
- filtration barrier
- Tubules
- PCT
- loop of Henle
- DCT
- Interstitium
- Vasculature
- Collecting ducts
What is the structure of a Renal Corpuscle
What makes up the glomerular filtration barrier?
- Fenestrated capillary endothelium
- Basement membrane (produced by epi and endo cells)
- Podocytes (visceral epithelium)
- NB filtration is a function of size and charge
What is the Bowman’s capsule?
- Sac enclosing each glomerulus and forming the uriniferous space (filtrate)
- Has:
- Basement membrane
- Parietal epithelial cells
How does blood flow in the kidney?
- Renal a
- Interlobar a
- arcuate a
- interlobular a
- glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles
- vasa recta
- intralobular v
- arcuate v
- interlobar v
- Renal v
What are the functions of the Kidneys?
- Central organ involved in maintenance of extracellular environment in the body
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular resorption and secretion
- active and passive
- Excretion/elimination of metabolic waste
- Acid - Base regulation (reclaim Bicarb from filtrate (PCT)
- Salt and water conservation (tubules via ADH - 99% resorbed)
- Tubular resorption/secretion (glucose, AA, Ca, P, K resorbed and/or secreted to maintain balance)
-
Endocrine, metabolism
- Vit D ⇢ Ca absroption
- REnin-angiotensin-Aldosterone
- erythropoietin
What is filtered in Glomerular filtration?
- Size dependent:
- < 2.5nm (100% passes)
- > 3.5 nm (0%)
- Charge dependent:
- positive & neutrals pass through better than negative
- GFR is dependent on renal perfusion and # of functional glomeruli
What is essential for normal renal function?
- Adequate blood perfusion (25% of CO)
- Adequate functional renal tissue
- Normal elimination of urine
What is Azotemia?
- Increase intravascular nitrogenous waste
- Pre-renal: due to renal hypoperfusion
- Renal: failure of the kidney’s filtration function
- Post-renal: urinary obstruction
What is Uremia?
- Multisystemic syndrome/clinical signs due to renal failure
- biochemical disturbances (fluid volume, electrolytes, A/B, failure to excrete wastes (uremic toxins) disturbances in endocrine function (PTH)
What is Nephrotic syndrome?
- a clinical syndrome:
- proteinuria
- edema
- ascites
- pleural effusion
- hypercholesterolemia
What is renal failure?
- Loss of function
- Acute
- Chronic
- End-stage: ,5% of normal GFR, terminal stages of uremia
What types of damage to the nephron results in renal failure?
- Nephron functions as a unit, damage to one component will affect other components:
-
Glomerular damage due to immune complex deposition, infectious organisms
- clinical findings: protein leakage, protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)
-
Tubular damage due to infectious organisms, ischemia, nephrotoxic drugs, chemical toxins, or obstruction
- ischemia, blood-borne/ascending/descending infections, direct damage
- Interstitial damage due to inflammation, fibrosis, edema
- Vascular damage due to congestion, thrombosis, infarction
-
Glomerular damage due to immune complex deposition, infectious organisms
What are the different types of glomerular damage/disease?
- Necrosis, inflammation, membrane thickening
- immune complex deposition
- thrombosis / embolization
- direct viral or bacterial infection of glomerular components
What is the major clinical finding of glomerular disease?
- Protein loss (albumin) and proteinuria, which overwhelms tubular resorptive capacity = PLN
Can nephrons regenerate?
No, some compensatory hypertrophy, but no regeneration of whole nephrons
What are the different diseases of the glomeruli?
- Immune-mediated glomerulenophritis
- Minimal change disease (human children)
- glomerulosclerosis
- glomerular amyloidosis
- acute suppurative (embolic) glomerulitis
- Viral or chemical glomerulonephritis
What is Immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN?)
- Glomerular deposition of immune complexes
- microscopic and ultrastructural lesions - subtle may see pinpoint cortical spots
- 2 types:
- Soluble (most common)
- persistent infection, prolonged antigenemia
- Familial are described (Bernese mountain dogs)
- Auto-immune - directed at GBM itself
- Soluble (most common)
What is the general pathogenesis of Immune complex glomerulonephritis?
- Antigen-antibody (IC) formation in blood
- Selective deposition in glomerular capillaries
- Stimulation of complement fixation (C3a, C5a….)
- Neutrophil chemotaxis
- basement membrane damage and inflammation
What diseases can cause Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis in dogs?
- infectious canine hepatitis
- chonic hepatitis
- chronic bacterial diseases
- Endometritis (pyometra)
- Pyoderma
- Prostatitis
- Dirofilariasis
- Borreliosis (lyme disease)
- Systemic lupus erythrematosus
- Polyarteritis
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Immune-mediated polyarthritis
- Neoplasia-mastocytoma
- Hereditary C3 deficiency
What diseases can cause Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis in cats?
- Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection
- Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
- Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
- Progressive polyarteritis
- Neoplasia
- Progressive membranous glomerulonephritis (GN)
What diseases can cause Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis in Farm animals?
- Horses:
- equine infectious anemia
- streptococcus sp.
- Cattle:
- Bovine viral diarrhea
- Trypanosomiasis
- Sheep:
- Hereditary hypocomplementemia in Finnish Landrace lambs
- Pigs:
- Hog cholera
- African swine fever
What are the different patterns of injury ICGN causes in the Glomerular filtration barrier?
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (Type I)
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (Type II)
What does membranous glomerulonephritis look like histologically?
- Extensive loss of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells
- Flattened visceral epithelial cells
- Subepithelial deposits (immune complexes)
- Thickened basement membrane
What is the difference between Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type I and Type II
- Type 1 = subendothelial deposits (immune complexes)
- Type II = intramembranous deposits (immune complexes)
What affects does glomerular deposition of immune complexes have?
- Deposits of IC can occur at various levels
- basement membrane
- subepithelial (podocyte/uriniferous space side)
- Subendothelial (vascular side)***
- Inflammatory damage to epithelial cells (podocytes)
- reaction/loss of podocyte foot processes
- thickening of the basement membrane
- Cause is usually not determined (specific antigen)
- gross lesions are subtle
What gross lesions are common with ICGN?
- enlarged glomeruli are observed as small white foci in the cortex, canine proliferative glomerulopathy
What microscopic/submicroscopic (EM) lesions are common with membranous glomerulopathy
- BM thickening without prominent increased glomerular cellularity
- leukocytes, endothelia cells, mesangial cells
What microscopic/submicroscopic (EM) lesions are common with membranoproliferative glomerulpathy?
- BM thickening with increased glomerular cellularity
What are the histologic patterns of glomerular lesions?
- focal vs diffuse: <50% vs >50% of glomeruli are affected
- Segmental vs global: portion or all of glomerular tuft is affected
What is glomerulosclerosis?
- Occurs with chronic glomerular disease
- Increased fibrous tissue, reduced vessels
- The vasa recta receive blood from glomerular efferents, so with glomerular injury, there will now be reduced blood flow and oxygen tension in tubules ⇢ tubular epithelial cell dropout and functional loss