Liver Infectious diseases Flashcards

Question

What is Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?

Answer 1

* Cause: * Alkaloids produced by a wide variety of plants (senecio, Crotalaria, Heliotropium among others) * Lesion: * Acute - centrilobular hepatic necrosis * Chronic - hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and megalocytosis * Effects vary widely based on species and dose * Pigs and horses are most susceptible

Answer 2

* Most common in late summer/early fall * Anabaena, Aphanixomenon and Microcystis * Dying algae release preformed toxins into water that are ingested by livestock, dogs, cats * Results in c**entrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis** * Survivors often develop chronic liver disease * Signs are diarrhea and recumbency * Some blue/green algae produce **neurotoxins**

Answer 3

* An artificial sweetener (alcohol sugar) * Ingestion causes a rapid release of insulin (hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia) * There is weakness, ataxia, seizures, and hypokalemia * Small amounts can cause acute centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis * Injury is presumed to be due to depletion of ATP

Answer 4

* Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug * Rarely it can cause hepatotoxicity * Nearly 25% of cases occur in Laborador retrievers * Hepatic lesions are centrilobular necrosis * Signs include vomiting, icterus, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperbilirubinemia * Other effects can include GI disorders, neurological, renal, or skin disease

Answer 5

* Cats and to a lesser extent, dogs are affected * Cats are less efficient at conjugating activated xenobiotics * Cats have a relative deficiency of glucuronyl transferase * **Centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis** * Affected dogs can have facial edema

Answer 6

* Copper **accumulates to high levels without apparent clinical signs** * Hepatic injury results in copper release * Hepatotoxins or hypoxia can trigger release * Excess copper or decreased molybdenum in the ration predisposes to disease * There is copper induced **hemolytic anemia**

Answer 7

* Occurs in a variety of breeds * Most common in bedlington and west highland white terriers * Due to a mutation in the COMMD1 gene * Excess copper increases hepatocyte turnover along with progressive necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis ("end-stage liver") * Canine chronic hepatitis * Clinical signs are those of hepatic failure * Wasting, ascites, neurologic signs * Copper-induced hemolysis may occur in some cases

Answer 8

* Most common in baby pigs given iron dextran injections * Neonatal nutritional supplements containing excess ferrous fumarate as an iron source have caused toxicity in foals * Lesion: **centrilobular to massive necrosis** * Iron catalyzes oxidation reactions * Clinical signs include **apathy and coma**

Answer 9

* A disease of pigs attributed to vitamin E / Selenium deficiency * Lack of antioxidants leads to hepatic necrosis * Hepatic injury (necrosis) can be massive * Signs: * GI problems * Icterus * Collapse * The heart and skeletal muscles can also be affected * Mulberry heart disease * White muscle disease

Answer 10

* A condition characterized by progressive, self-perpetuating (Chronic-active) hepatic necrosis, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, fibrosis and regenerative hyperplasia * Often etiologically non-specific * original insult could be infectious, toxic, or immunologic * Idiopathic chronic hepatitis * Some cases have identifiable underlying causes * Copper-associated * Vascular malformations * Infection * Adenovirus-1 or *Leptospira* spp. among others * Signs are those of chronic hepatic failure

Answer 11

* Leptospirosis * Infectious canine hepatitis * Copper toxicity * Various other hepatotoxins (Drugs, aflatoxin, etc) * Immune mediated

Answer 12

* Architectural distortion * Chronic inflammation * Cholestasis * Portal fibrosis (often extending into the lobule)

Answer 13

* Acute hepatic failure 4-10 weeks after receiving an equine serum product * Frequently tetanus anti-toxin * Some cases occur without exposure to a serum product * Type III hypersensitivity * Theiler disease-associated virus * Centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis * Acute disease is associated with anorexia, encephalopathy and icterus * more chronic forms may also occur * Mortality is typically high * \>50% for acute form

Answer 14

* A syndrome of cats with an uncertain cause * Lesion: * lymphoplasmacytic cholangitis and bile duct hyperplasia * Affected cats are chronically icteric and unthrifty * Possibly immune-mediated * Lymphosarcoma is the major differential diagnosis

Answer 15

* Relatively commonly diagnosed syndrome in dogs * Hepatocytes contain excess glycogen * Associated with hyperadrenocorticism, exogenous corticosteroids, chronic stress, inflammation or neoplasia * Prognosis depends on underlying cause * Most are relatively benign * Hepatocutaneous syndrome ("superficial necrolytic dermatitis") is an exception, which is progressive and usually fatal * Vacuolar hepatopathy with hypo-aminoacidemia and superficial necrotic dermatitis * Usually associated with diabetes melitus

Answer 16

* Bovine fatty liver * White liver disease o sheep/cobalt B12 deficiency * Ketosis/pregnancy toxemia of ruminants * Hepatocellular steatosis of ponies and donkeys * Feline fatty liver syndrome

Answer 17

* A syndrome of overweight/obese cats * **Lesion: severe hepatic lipidosis** * Usually triggered by a stressful event that induces anorexia * Excessive fat mobilization results in formation of ketone bodies and dyshomeostasis of fat and carbohydrate metabolism * Often need to feed through a gastric tube until the cats stars eating again

Answer 18

* Most common is periparturient period due to high energy demand * Can be predisposed by anything resulting in anorexia * mastitis, metritis, parturient paresis, displace abomasum * Most common in well conditioned animals (obese) * Due to increased fat mobilization and sometimes decreased hepatocyte function (decreased lipoprotein formation and export)

Answer 19

* High energy needs (Glucose, fats, proteins) usually at peak lactation in cattle and periparturient in sheep * Pregnancy toxemia in sheep * Ketosis is the result of formation of excessive ketones via excessive fat metabolism * Oxidation of esterified fatty acids (fatty acyl CoA) result in formation of ketones (acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid) * Fatty liver due to high fat mobilization from peripheral tissues

Answer 20

* Often in obese ponies, following stress or anorexia * Often during periparturient period * Hyperlipidemia

Answer 21

* Gallstones * formed from constituents of bile * Uncommon in domestic animals

Answer 22

* Inflammation of the gall bladder * Commonly infectious in origin * *Salmonella enteritidis* serotype *dublin* in cattle

Answer 23

* Accumulation of thick, mucin-containing bile * Musus hypersecretion often with cystic mucosal hyperplasia * Results in gallbladder stasis and bile duct obstruction * Decreased motility or dysmotility * Expansion of the gall bladder can lead to necrosis, cholecystitis, bile peritonitis and infection * Multiple predisposing factors * Age, endocrine disease, hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia, dysmotility, cystic hyperplasia * Genetic basis in some species * Shetland sheepdogs, Miniature schnauzers, Cocker Spaniel * Mutation in the ABCB4 (MDR3) phospholipase flippase transporter gene * Clinically acute, but may have vague episodic symptoms for months * Vomiting, abdominal pain, icterus, diarrhea, fever, tachycardia/tachypnea *