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Systemic Pathology > Liver Labs > Flashcards

Liver Labs Flashcards

1
Q

What is going on in the lungs

A
  • Pulmonary congestion
  • Pulmonary edema
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1
Q

What is going on in the heart?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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2
Q

What is wrong with this liver?

A

centrilobular necrosis

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3
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Progressive heart failure?

A
  1. Failure to pump
  2. Passive congestion due to backup of blood behind the heart
    1. Pulmonary edema
  3. Systemically poor perfusion of tissue
    1. centrilobular necrosis
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4
Q

What is the morphology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Morphologic change is ventricular dilation with thin ventricle wall
    • Increased heart weight to body weight ratio (hypertrophy)
    • Decreased ventricular wall vs. chamber ratio (eccentric hypertrophy)
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5
Q

What are the histologic pattens of Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • 2 histologic patterns described, may reflect different forms of pathogenesis
    • Attenuated wavy fiber type
    • Fatty infiltration/degenerative type
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6
Q

What are the inciting causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Not always known
    • Hereditary predisposition - autosomal dominant
    • Nutritional
      • Carnitine or Taurine deficiency
      • Grain-free diets
    • Toxicity
      • Doxorubicin, cobalt/lead, catecholamines/histamine
    • Infections
      • canine parvovirus
  • Many cases no definitive cause found
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7
Q

What are signs of Progressive heart failure?

A
  • Pulmonary congestion and edema
  • Hepatic and portal congestion and ascites
  • Generalized ischemia
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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Lipidosis?

A
  1. Anorexia/decreased caloric intake
  2. Increased mobilization of fat
  3. Increased hepatic uptake of lipids
  4. Lipid deposition in hepatocytes
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9
Q

What can cause Hepatic lipidosis?

A
  • High fat diet
  • Increased periparturient energy needs
  • Anorexia
  • Hepatotoxins
  • hypoxia
  • Starvation
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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Tyzzer’s disease?

A
  1. Clostridium piliforme spores shed in feces (from another animal)
    1. Contamination of bedding/food
  2. Ingestion of spores by susceptible animal
  3. C. piliforme colonizes the intestines
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Ascension through the portal vein
  6. Liver damage and necrosis
  7. Hepatic icterus
  8. Bacteremia
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11
Q

What organs does Tyzzer’s disease affect?

A
  • Damage and necrosis to:
    • Intestine
    • Liver
    • Heart
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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in dogs?

A
  1. unknown inciting cause
  2. Immune system attacks RBCs
    1. Premature destruction of RBCs
  3. Hemolysis (2 places)
    1. Intravascular leads to:
      1. Release of hemoglobin into circulation
      2. Icterus
    2. Extravascular leads to
      1. anemia
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13
Q

What are some potential causes for hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Immune mediated
  • Zinc/copper toxicosis
  • Onion/garlic (allium) toxicosis
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Uremic hemolysis
  • Acetaminophen toxicosis
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14
Q

What are the causes of Canine Chronic hepatiis?

A
  • Leptospriosis
  • Infectious canine hepatitis
  • Copper toxicity
  • Various other hepatotoxins
  • Immune-mediate
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15
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Canine Chronic hepatitis?

A
  • d
16
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of copper toxicity in sheep?

A
  1. Ingestion of excessive copper
  2. Accumulation of copper in hepatocyte mitochondria and lysosomes
  3. Progressive hepatocyte damage, necrosis
  4. Physiologic stress
    1. sudden loss of stored copper in liver
    2. Acute hemolytic anemia
      1. Centrilobular hypoxia - hepatic degeneration
      2. hemoglobinuric nephrosis
17
Q

What is Bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Migrating larval liver flukes cause damage and produce a local anaerobic environment
  • Clostridial spores in the area sporulate, grow, and produce toxins
    • Clostridium hemolyticum
  • Necrotizing and hemolytic toxins result in toxemia and peracute death
    • Locally extensive hepatic necrosis
    • RBC hemolysis
18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pulmonary embolism / Hepatic abscesses?

A
  • Rumenitis allows F. necrophorum to travel to the liver, resulting in multifocal coagulative necrosis
  • Synergism with Trueperella pyogenes causes abscess formation
  • Abscess puts pressure on major intrahepatic vessels to cause ascites
  • Abscess erodes into vessel, causing a thrombus
  • A portion of the thrombus can break away (thromboembolism) that travels to the lung
  • Septic emboli scatter widely within the lung to cause pulmonary embolism and peracute death
19
Q

How do F. necrophorum and T. pyogenes act synergistically?

A
  • T. pyogenes is aerobic bacterium, produces lactate during its metabolism
    • Decreased oxygen and abundant lactate
  • F. necrophorum is anaerobic and needs abundant lactate for growth
  • F necrophorum toxins are leukotoxic, resulting in decreased host responses
  • T pyogenes produces hemolysin that causes release of nutrients from RBCs which is important for growth of F. necrophorum

Systemic Pathology (19 decks)

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