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Systemic Pathology > GI Pathology of small animals > Flashcards

GI Pathology of small animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of SA GI disease?

A
  • Agent:
    • Parasites
    • Protozoa
    • Viruses
    • Bacteria
    • Other
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Neoplasia
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2
Q

What is parasitism

A
  • Diagnosis of disease due to GI helminths should be made with knowledge of their pathogenic potential
  1. Some reside in the lumen of the intestine
  2. Some cause bloodloss, anemia, hpoproteinemia
  3. some cause protein-losing enteropathy, inappetence, diarrhea
  4. Some cause physical trauma to the intestine
  5. Some cause effects outside the gut
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3
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Dogs?

A
  • Major:
    • Ascarids
    • hookworms
    • canine parvovirus
    • whipworms
    • IBD
    • neoplasia
  • Minor
    • Bacterial (Campylobacter, Clostridial, Salmonella)
    • Enteric coronavirus
    • Boxer colitis
    • Isospora
    • Giardia
    • Tapeworms
    • Rotavirus
    • Histoplasma
    • Prototheca
    • Pythiosis
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4
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Cats?

A
  • Major:
    • Ascarids
    • Panleukopenia/Parvovirus
    • Neoplasia
  • Minor:
    • Tapeworms
    • Enteric coronavirus
    • Giardia
    • Isospora
    • Bacterial
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5
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Swine?

A
  • Major:
    • Neonatal diarrhea (Cystoisospora, ETEC, ROtavirus, coronaviruses)
    • E. coli / edema disease
    • Postweaning diarrhea
    • Lawsonia
    • Spirochetes
    • Salmonellosis
    • Gastric Ulcers
    • PCV2
  • Minor:
    • Ascarids
    • Clostridium sp.
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6
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Horses??

A
  • Major:
    • Equine colitis (Clostridium, Potomac horse fever, Salmonellosis, NSAID-related)
    • Rhodococcus
    • Large and small strongyles
    • Various displacements
  • Minor
    • Parascaris
    • Anoplocephala
    • Neoplasia
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7
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Cattle?

A
  • Major:
    • Neonatal diarrhea (Bovine enteric coronavirus, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, ETEC)
    • BVDV
    • Johne’s disease
    • Coccidiosis
    • Parasitism
    • Acidosis
  • Minor:
    • Actinobacillosis
    • Actinomycosis
    • Salmonellosis
    • MCF
    • Winter dysentery
    • BPS
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8
Q

What are the major and minor GI diseases of Sheep/goats?

A
  • Major:
    • Clostridial enterotoxemia
    • Coccidiosis
    • Contagious ecthyma
    • GI parasitism
    • neonatal diarrhea (cryptosporidium, ETEC, Rotovirus)
    • Johne’s disease
  • Minor:
    • Salmonellosis
    • Tapeworms
    • Cysterciasis
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9
Q

What is the route of infections for Ancylostoma sp?

A
  • Oral
  • Skin
  • Lactogenic
  • Transplacental
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10
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenisis?

A
  • SI: luminal nematodes and cestodes
  1. Lifecycle
    1. infection ⇢ maturation
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11
Q

What is the significance of finding Taenia sp?

A
  • Most cause limited clinical disease in carnivore hosts; however their metacestodes cause significant disease of intermediate hosts (Cysticercosis)
  • Be aware of them and their zoonotic potential
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12
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Canine colon/rectum: Hemorrhagic colitis, with myriad luminal adult Trichuris vulpis
    1. Life cycle - heavy infestations are associated with hemorrhagic colitis/typhlocolitis
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13
Q

How does Coccidia affect Dogs and Cats?

A
  • Cystoisospora, Isospora sp.: Nonfatal infection in dogs and cats
  • Trichomoniasis causes large bowel diarrhea and colitis in cats
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14
Q

How does giardiasis affect dogs

A
  • Common in dogs but diarrhea is uncommon
  • Flattened motile Giardia Trophozoites attach to microvilli
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15
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • SI: segmental hemorrhage (or segmental hemorrhagic enteritis)
  1. Fecal/oral infection by canine parvovirus (CPV-2a, 2b, 2c)
  2. Infection of rapidly dividing cells (crypt epithelium)
  3. necrosis and hemorrhage
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16
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Segmental/patchy intestinal hemorrhage, or segmental hemorrhagic (and necrotizing) enteritis
  1. Fecal/oral infection by canine parvovirus
  2. Infection of rapidly dividing (crypt epithelium) cells, necrocsis and hemorrhage
17
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Segmental/patchy intestinal hemorrhage, or segmental hemorrhagic, fibrinous and necrotizing enteritis
  1. Fecal/oral infection by canine parvovirus
  2. Infection of rapidly dividing cells, necrosis and hemorrhage
18
Q

What is a characteristic feature of a CPV-2 infection?

A
  • often have a granular serosal surface
    • presumably due to necrosis on the mucosal surface
19
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • segmental necrotizing and hemorrhagic enteritis or segmental crypt necrosis
  1. fecal/oral infection by canine parvovirus
  2. infection of rapidly dividing cells, necrosis, hemorrhage
20
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • brain, cerebellar hypoplasia
  1. feline panleukopenia parvovirus in utero infection
  2. virus infects rapidly dividing cerebellar cells during late gestation or even early perinatal period
  3. hypoplasia of the cerebellar germinative cells
  4. affected cats have ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremors
21
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • SI; villous atrophy and fusion
  1. virus (rota, corona) infects villar tip epithelium
  2. necrosis of cells
  3. dysplasia of epithelium, healing attempts
    4.
22
Q

What is Feline enteric coronavirus?

A
  • antigenically related to other coronaviruses
  • FECV may persist in GIT, but no clinical disease.
  • Significance of FECV lies in its ability to mutate into feline infectious peritonitis virus
  • FECV mutates, response depends on immune response
    • Strong CMI⇢ clearance
    • Weak CMI ⇢ dry form
    • humoral ⇢ wet form
    • Immune complex pyogranulomatous vasculitis
23
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • feline abdomen, pyogranulomatous serositis and peritonitis with abundant abdominal effusion
  1. Fecal/oral infection with feline enteric coronavirus
  2. mutatin of virus to feline infectious peritonitis virus
  3. immune response (in this case mixed humoral and cell-Mediated)
  4. Pyogranulomatous serositis (Wet/dry FIP)
24
Q

What bacteria are found in small animals?

A
  • Bacterial enteritis uncommon
  • Mostly Gram Negative
    • Salmonella:
      • hemorrhagic enteritis =/- septicemia
      • S. dublin in immunocompromised pups
    • Clostridium:
      • C. perfingens linked to acute hemorrhagic diarrhea of dogs
    • Campylobacter:
      • C. jejuni causes hemorrhagic diarrhea in dogs but pathogenesis is unblear
25
Q

What is going on?

A
  • Canine Si, severe granulomatous enteritis with myriad intracellular yeasts (Histoplasma capsulatum)
  1. Inhalation
  2. coughed and swallowed yeast/spores
  3. intestinal infection
26
Q

Is this granulomatous to necrotizing enteritis or neoplasia?

A
  • Granulomatous to necrotizing enteritis
  • Cutaneous disease in wet/swampy areas presumed to follow traumatic inoculation of the organisms
  • Rarely intestinal infection, presumed to foolow ingestion of the organisms from contaminated invironments
27
Q

What is Canine ulcerative granulomatous / histiocytic colitis?

A
  • Colon is thickened and ulcerated
  • Features: macrophages fill the lamina propria, stain positive by PAS
  • Caused by invasive E. coli
  • Diagnosis by biopsy with histopathology evaluation, deep tissue culture, and antimicrobial sensitivity
  • Boxers, French Bulldogs +/- Cats
  • DDx: IBD, other bacterial/fungal colitis
28
Q

What is Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

A
  • Descriptive term for intestinal disease characterized by nonspecific inflammation (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils, neutrophils
  • Dx is challenging and one of exclusion
  • Idiopathic
  • Lymphocytic variant must be differentiated from intestinal lymphoma
  • Can involve stomach, SI, LI individuallly or collectively
29
Q

How is IBD diagnosed?

A
  • Based on:
    • appropriate clinical syndrome- diarrhea, vomiting, dx tests, reponse to therapy
    • Histopathology / intestinal biopsy
      • support dx and rule out ddx
    • Response to therapy
      • diet trials, appropriate antimicrobials, steroids
30
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Feline tongue; squamous cell carcinoma, eosinophilic granulomatous glossitis, granulation tissue
  • Need Biopsy
  1. Spontaneous - possibly linked to tobacco smoke - aggressive and infiltrative but slow to metastasize
31
Q

Morphologic DX? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Canine Stomach; gastric adenocarcinoma
  1. Spontaneous
    1. infiltrate submucosa/gastric wall aggressively and invade lymphatics quickly
32
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Canine Colon; colorectal polyp vs hyperplasia vs papillary adenoma (Need Histo)
  1. Spontaneous - possibly linked to chronic inflammation
    1. Benign, not known to progress until late
    2. Difficult to distinguish adenoma from carcinoma w/ superficial biopsy
  • Common in rectal mucosa of dogs - surgical removal usually curative
33
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Feline SI; carcinoma with infiltrative growth
  1. Spontaneous
    1. extensive fibroplasia around neoplastic cells
    2. Aggressive and highly metastatic lesions
34
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Cat SI; Intestinal lymphoma
  1. Spontaneous
    1. chronic inflammation can progress to lymphoma
    2. Multicentric lymphoma linked to FeLV infection
35
Q

What is the difference between primary and multicentric lymphoma?

A
  • Primary - focal mass or no mass, usually without LN or other organ involvement
  • Multicentric - involves LNs, other organs
36
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A

Normal feline SI

37
Q

Morphologic Dx? Pathogenesis?

A
  • Feline Si; diffuse increased lymphocytes in lamina propria with marked epitheliotropism
  1. likely from chronic inflammation
    1. Enteropathy associated Tcell lymphoma Type 2 (EATL-2)

Systemic Pathology (19 decks)

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