Repro Flashcards
1
Q
common disorders of sexual development
A
2
Q
What is Freemartinism?
A
- Often seen in cattle
- Male and female twines that have shared blood
- Female ends up:
- small ovaries
- hypoplastic vagina, vestibule & vulva
- Seminal vesicles are present
- prominent clitoris (could appear as “small penis”)
3
Q
What is an ovarian remnant?
A
- Rarely observed
- may be unilateral or bilateral
- most commonly seen in animals with little or no known history
- Assumption is that the animal was previously spayed
4
Q
What are the intraovarian cysts
A
5
Q
What are the ovary cell types and what are their neoplasias?
A
- Sex cord & gonadal stroma
- Granulosa-theca cell tumors
- Thecoma or luteoma
- Surface coelomic epithelium
- Papillary and cystic adenomas
- Papillary adenocarcinoma
- Germ cells
- Dysgerminoma
- Teratoma
6
Q
What are Granulosa-theca cell tumors?
A
- Most common ovarian neoplasms
- Typically unilateral, usually NOT malignant
- associated with elevated testosterone in horses
- Morphologically very reminiscent of normal granulosa cells
- May be variably cystic & also have variably-sized areas of hemorrhage
7
Q
What is a teratoma?
A
- Germ-cell neoplasms
- arise from totipotential cells
- Neoplasms defined as having 2 or more germinal layers
- May include:
- haired skin, cartilage, bone, neural, ocular, adipose, teeth, respiratory tissue, etc
- Can arise within ovaries or testicles
8
Q
What is a cystic teratoma?
A
- dermoid cyst
- cystic/multicystic structure lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium
9
Q
Define salpingitis, pyosalpinx, & oophoritis
A
- inflammation of the uterine tube
- salpingitis with luminal pus
- inflammation of the ovary (ovaritis
10
Q
What happens during uterine artery rupture?
A
- Hemorrhage confined within the broad ligament will resolve over time
- hemorrhage that exits the broad ligament ⇢ hemoabdomen ⇢ exsanguination
11
Q
What is subinvolution of placental sites?
A
- Continued bloddy vaginal discharge beyond the time when involution should be complete
- multiple, segmental, circumferential thickening with grey to brown plaques and heorrhage
- may also have concurrent pyometra
12
Q
What are the bacterial causes of endometritis/metritis?
A
- Coliform bacteria
- Hemolytic Streptococci spp
- Staphylococci spp
- Klebsiella spp
- Pseudomonas spp
- Trueperella pyogenes
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
13
Q
What are the bacterial causes of K9/feline pyometra?
A
- Coliform bacteria (E. coli, Proteus, enterobacter)
- Streptococcus spp
- Staphylococcus spp
14
Q
What are the bacterial causes of bovine pyometra?
A
- Coliform bacteria (E coli, proteus, enterobacter
- Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus
- Trueperella pyogenes
- Pseudomonas spp
15
Q
What is a Hippomane?
A
- semi-firm, liver-like, lamellated structure found in the allantois of cattle and horses.
- Composed of urine precipitates and exfoliated keratin
16
Q
What are Amniotic plaques?
A
- Foci of squamous epithelium found on the internal surface of the amnion
- Especially associated with the umbilical attachment
17
Q
What is pseudopregnancy (pseudocyesis)?
A
- prolactin-induced placentation site without any developing embryo or placenta
- Need serologic assessment for relaxin to distinguish between pregnant and pseudocyesis
18
Q
How many mammae do animals have?
A
19
Q
Which male animals do NOT have mammae/papillae?
A
- Stallion - neither
- rats/mice - no papillae
20
Q
What is gangrenous mastitis?
A
- necrotizing mastitis that can be caused by many different pathogens
- gram - and +
- Best case scenario is loss of the quarter
- Worst case scenario is severe sepsis, toxemia, and death
21
Q
What bacteria cause suppurative mastitis?
A
- Trueperella pyogenes
- Mycoplasma bovis
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
- Bacteroides spp
- Peptostreptococcus spp
- Fusobacterium spp
22
Q
What are some causes of granulomatous mastitis?
A
- nocardia spp
- Cryptococcus spp
- Candida spp.
- Prototheca zopfii
23
Q
What does granulomatous mastitis look like histologically?
A
- abundant macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and variable amounts of fibrosis
24
Q
What is fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?
A
- Lesion most commonly seen in female cats
- typically < 2 yers old
- associated with high progesterone levels
- Comprises well developed glandular tissue separated by large regions of fibroplasia
- Causes:
- luteal phase of estrus
- early pregnancy
- progestin therapy
25
What is a mixed mammary tumor?
* one of the most commonly diagnosed mammary neoplasm in dogs
* typically include a combination of epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, and the presence of cartilage and/or bone
* Usually nodular and variably encapsulated
26
What are malignant mammary tumors in Dogs?
* Defining malignancy involves the presence of invasion growth, high mitotic activity as well as presence of vascular invasion
* this image had glandular and acinar proliferation with a large tumor embolus in a lymphatic vessel
27
What is a Mammary Sarcomas?
* Malignant mesenchymal tumors originating form mammary glands are uncommon
* Most common location for extraskeletal osteosarcomas in the dog is the mammary gland
* Bright pink material is Osteoid
* collagen-based hard substance produced by neoplastic osteoblasts
* In the neoplasm this is referred to a tumor osteoid
* Blue areas represent Chondroid matrix which forms cartilage, ossifying to form osteoid and bone.
* Pale pink areas with karyorrhectic debris are regions of necrosis within the neoplasm
28
What are the 10 rules of abortion investigation?
* Detailed hx
* How many causes of abortion
* be aware of zoonoses
* What fetal lesions are present
* Sporadic vs storms
* Noninfectious cases are best
* Vaccines help vs harm
* Parturition is a process
* Acute death = rotten fetus
* Proper sampling
29
What is the affect of mycotic placentitis?
* develops at the cervical star initially
* placentitis, necrotizing, locally extensive chronic
* attributed to an ascending infection
30
What are the zoonotic abortifacient pathogens
31
What is the pathognomonic lesion or in utero EHV-1 infection?
* itratracheal fibrin clot in aborted fetal foal
32
What lesion is common in mycotic abortions?
cutaneous fungal plaques
33
What fetal lesions doe K9 herpesvirus cause?
multifocal hemorrhages in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen, thymus
34
What could cause multifocal hepatic necrosis in an aborted fetus?
* Herpes virus (IBR) abortion
* Listeria spp
35
How many abortions is too many?
3
36
What are some non-infectious causes of abortion?
* Umbilical torsion
* too many twists (\>4.4)
* Premature placental separation ("red bag" delivery
* normally cervical star ruptures during delivery
* failure can result in a perinatal or postnatal foal death
* Fetal cyclopia (weak, stillbirth
* *veratum californicum i*ngested by dam at day 14 gestation
37
what is the best sample to take for abortion cases?
* Whole fetus, placenta, & serum from the dam
38
What are the best samples for bacteriology in abortion cases?
* Depends
* abomasal fluid if true abortion & neonate did not nurse
* lung if abomasal fluid not available or neonate nursed
* Placenta usually not a great option
39
schistosomus reflexus
40
amorphous globosus
41
What lesions does Cache Valley Virus cause in sheep abortions?
* schistosomus reflexus
* cerebellar hypoplasia
* hydrancephaly
42
Causes of Orchitis and Epidymitis
43
What types of neoplasia affects the testicle
* Sex cord-Gonadal Stroma
* interstitial cell tumors
* Sertoli cell tumors
* Germ Cell
* seminomas
* Mixed
* mixed germ cell-sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors
* Others:
* Rete testis adenoma
* Rete testis Adenocarcinoma
* Teratoma
44
Wat are interstitial cell tumors
45
What are Sertoli cell tumors
* Have prominent stromal fibrosis
* Tubules are lined neoplastic sertoli cells
*
46
What are seminomas?
* Histo:
* large round cells that mimic lymphoma
* intraductular and diffuse
* Morphologically pleomorphic, high mitotic rate
47
What types of tumors are common on K9 scrotums?
* Mast cell tumors
* Melanocytoma
* Malignant melanoma
* Vascular hamartoma
* Hemangiosarcoma
* Hemangioma
48
What are prostatic cysts
* congenital or acquired
* signs: hematuria, dysuria
49
What is prostatitis
50
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia
51
What is prostatic Carcinoma
52
what is hypospadias
53
What is a persistent frenulum
54
What are the different types of penis inflammation
55
What is Fibropapilloma on the penis
56
What is Transmissible venereal tumor?
