Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
What is the structure of the pulmonary system?
- Conducting
- Nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- Transitional
- Bronchioles
- Gas Exchange
- Alveolar ducts & alveoli
What are the defenses of the pulmonary system?
- Nasal cavity
- Mucus
- Antibody & innate defenses
- Alveolar macrophages
What can cause luminal exudate in lungs?
- Inhalation of toxic chemical or gas
- Inhalation of infectious bacteria or viruses
- Lead to inflammatory response at the sight of injury?
What are the signs of intraluminal exudate/mucus?
- coughing
- gagging
- dyspnea
- decreased exercise tolerance
What is Choanal Atresia?
- Imperforate Choana
- Persistent buccopharyngeal septum
- Congenital
- Cannot breathe while eating/drinking
- will result in aspiration pneumonia
- epiglottis fails and liquid enters lungs
What is palatoschisis?
- Cleft palate
- normally soft palate, but can also be hard palate
- Congenital defect
- leads to aspiration pneumonia
- liquid enters the nasopharynx and then the lungs
- usually dies
- leads to aspiration pneumonia
What are the different types of discharges and inflammatory processes of the pulmonary system?
- Hemorrhage
- Serous
- Mucoid
- Suppurative
- Fibrinous
- Diphtheritic
- Pseudodiphtheritic
- Granulomatous
- +/- Lymphoplasmacytic
What does suppurative rhinitis and sinusitis look like?
- Neutrophilic
- normally caused by bacteria
- Cats : pasturella multocida
- Dogs: bordatella bronchispetica
What is Strangles?
- Horses
- Caused by Streptococcus equi equi
- or streptococcus zooepidemicus
- Has suppurative rhinitis, nasal cavity inflammation, and suppurative lymphadenitis
What is the picture of?
Fibrinosuppurative rhinitis
What is Diphtheritic rhinitis?
- “Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis”
- Fibrinous exudate difficult to remove, leaves ulcerated mucosa behind
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What is Pseudodiphtheritic rhinitis?
- Fibrinous exudate thaat can be removed leacing an intact underlying mucosa
What occurs with chronic granulomatous rhinitis?
- Granulomatous infiltrate with bone inflammation (Osteomyelitis) and boney remodeling
What is Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis?
- Most common form of rhinitis in dogs
- Rarely is cause established - (idiopathic)
- Persistent to intermittent nasal discharge
- May be progressive
What is Eosinophilic rhinitis?
- Consistent for allergic rhinitis
- Type I Hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
- “Atopic Rhinitis”
What is Atrophic rhinitis?
- Lysis of bone and cartilage
- Muucosal atrophy
- Loss of nasal turbinates
- Causes:
- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- Pasteurella multocida
What causes mycotic rhinitis in felines?
-
Cryptococcus neoformans
- Soap bubble appearance
- Begins as small nasal lesion
- gradually enlarges
- Can spread locally or into the brain
What causes mycotic rhinitis in canines?
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- Histoplasma spp.
- Rhinosporidium seeberi
- Chronic, persistent nasal discharge
- Myriad fungal hyphae are present throughout
What is an ethmoid hematoma?
- Occurs in horses
- Ethmoid turbinate is origin of repeat hemorrhage, fibrin, fibrosis, hemosiderin deposition leading to masses
- Pathogenesis: undetermined
What is an Aural inflammatory polyp?
- Within the nasopharynx, erupting through the auditory tube, is a fleshy multilobulated mass covered by mucosa
- Arise in the middle ear associated with otitis media
What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?
- Viral induced neoplasms
- Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?
- Viral induced neoplasms
- Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
What is Nasal Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma?
- Most COMMON epithelial neoplasm of the nasal cavity in dogs
What is a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
- Most COMMON epithelial nasal neoplasm in horses and cats
What is Chondrosarcoma?
- Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm or sarcoma diagnosed in the nasal cavity of dogs
What is Nasal Lymphosarcoma/lymphoma?
- Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm diagnosed in the nasal cavity of cats
What is lymphoid hyperplasia?
- Commonly observed in neonatal and young horses
- Indicates local lymphoid tissue response to antigens
- Usually clinically silent unless obstructive
What is epiglottic entrapment?
- Epiglottis entrapped below the aryepiglottic folds
- epiglottis usually hypoplastic
What is Guttural Pouch Empyema?
- Guttural Pouch is filled with exudate
- often related to previous or concurrent bacterial infection
- Streptococcus spp
- Exudate can become inspissated and form concretions commonly referred to as chondroids
What are the 4 features of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome?
- Nares - stenotic
- Soft Palate - elongated
- Trachea - Hypoplastic
- Laryngeal saccules everted
What is Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis?
- Condition: Roarers
- Causes: injury or paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- leads of cricoarytenoideus muscle atrophy
- Possibly:
- Traumatic injury
- Severe bronchopneumonia
- Idiopathic neuritis
What is Necrotic Laryngitis?
- “Calf Diphtheria”
- Larynx has subacute lesion with necrosis
- Causes:
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Malignant Catarrhal Fever
- Infectious Rhinotracheitis
What lesion is Pathognomonic for Fetal Equine Herpes Virus?
- Diffuse, wet heavy lung with prominent interlobular edema mixed with fibrin and a rubbery texture
- Fibrin clot at the tracheal bifurcation
What does Infectious laryngotracheitis look like?
- Affects chickens
- Caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1
What does Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) look like?
- Caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1
What is Bovine Honkers?
- Luminal compression of the trachea
- Pathogenesis poorly understood
What is Laryngeal Rhabdomyoma?
- Neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle
- Rarely diagnosed in dogs
What does laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma look like?
- looks like necrosis need histology for DX
What is the pathogenesis of Visceral to parietal fibrinous adhesions?
- Bacterial entry into the pleural space
- Inflammation (Fibrin exudation, neutrophilic infiltration)
- Fibrinous adhesion between the visceral and parietal pleura
What is the pathogeneis of visceral to parietal fibrous adhesions?
- Previous bacterial fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and +/- pneumonia
- resolution and wound healing
- Chronic fibrous (collagenous adhesions
