Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the pulmonary system?

A
  • Conducting
    • Nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
  • Transitional
    • Bronchioles
  • Gas Exchange
    • Alveolar ducts & alveoli
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2
Q

What are the defenses of the pulmonary system?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Mucus
  • Antibody & innate defenses
  • Alveolar macrophages
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3
Q

What can cause luminal exudate in lungs?

A
  • Inhalation of toxic chemical or gas
  • Inhalation of infectious bacteria or viruses
  • Lead to inflammatory response at the sight of injury?
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4
Q

What are the signs of intraluminal exudate/mucus?

A
  • coughing
  • gagging
  • dyspnea
  • decreased exercise tolerance
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5
Q

What is Choanal Atresia?

A
  • Imperforate Choana
  • Persistent buccopharyngeal septum
  • Congenital
    • Cannot breathe while eating/drinking
    • will result in aspiration pneumonia
      • epiglottis fails and liquid enters lungs
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6
Q

What is palatoschisis?

A
  • Cleft palate
    • normally soft palate, but can also be hard palate
    • Congenital defect
      • leads to aspiration pneumonia
        • liquid enters the nasopharynx and then the lungs
        • usually dies
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7
Q

What are the different types of discharges and inflammatory processes of the pulmonary system?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Serous
  • Mucoid
  • Suppurative
  • Fibrinous
    • Diphtheritic
    • Pseudodiphtheritic
  • Granulomatous
  • +/- Lymphoplasmacytic
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8
Q

What does suppurative rhinitis and sinusitis look like?

A
  • Neutrophilic
    • normally caused by bacteria
  • Cats : pasturella multocida
  • Dogs: bordatella bronchispetica
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9
Q

What is Strangles?

A
  • Horses
  • Caused by Streptococcus equi equi
    • or streptococcus zooepidemicus
  • Has suppurative rhinitis, nasal cavity inflammation, and suppurative lymphadenitis
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10
Q

What is the picture of?

A

Fibrinosuppurative rhinitis

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11
Q

What is Diphtheritic rhinitis?

A
  • “Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis”
  • Fibrinous exudate difficult to remove, leaves ulcerated mucosa behind
    *
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12
Q

What is Pseudodiphtheritic rhinitis?

A
  • Fibrinous exudate thaat can be removed leacing an intact underlying mucosa
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13
Q

What occurs with chronic granulomatous rhinitis?

A
  • Granulomatous infiltrate with bone inflammation (Osteomyelitis) and boney remodeling
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14
Q

What is Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis?

A
  • Most common form of rhinitis in dogs
  • Rarely is cause established - (idiopathic)
  • Persistent to intermittent nasal discharge
  • May be progressive
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15
Q

What is Eosinophilic rhinitis?

A
  • Consistent for allergic rhinitis
    • Type I Hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
  • “Atopic Rhinitis”
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16
Q

What is Atrophic rhinitis?

A
  • Lysis of bone and cartilage
  • Muucosal atrophy
  • Loss of nasal turbinates
  • Causes:
    • Bordatella bronchiseptica
    • Pasteurella multocida
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17
Q

What causes mycotic rhinitis in felines?

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Soap bubble appearance
  • Begins as small nasal lesion
    • gradually enlarges
    • Can spread locally or into the brain
18
Q

What causes mycotic rhinitis in canines?

A
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Histoplasma spp.
  • Rhinosporidium seeberi
  • Chronic, persistent nasal discharge
  • Myriad fungal hyphae are present throughout
19
Q

What is an ethmoid hematoma?

A
  • Occurs in horses
  • Ethmoid turbinate is origin of repeat hemorrhage, fibrin, fibrosis, hemosiderin deposition leading to masses
  • Pathogenesis: undetermined
20
Q

What is an Aural inflammatory polyp?

A
  • Within the nasopharynx, erupting through the auditory tube, is a fleshy multilobulated mass covered by mucosa
  • Arise in the middle ear associated with otitis media
21
Q

What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?

A
  • Viral induced neoplasms
  • Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
22
Q

What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?

A
  • Viral induced neoplasms
  • Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
23
Q

What is Nasal Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Most COMMON epithelial neoplasm of the nasal cavity in dogs
24
Q

What is a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

A
  • Most COMMON epithelial nasal neoplasm in horses and cats
25
Q

What is Chondrosarcoma?

A
  • Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm or sarcoma diagnosed in the nasal cavity of dogs
26
Q

What is Nasal Lymphosarcoma/lymphoma?

A
  • Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm diagnosed in the nasal cavity of cats
27
Q

What is lymphoid hyperplasia?

A
  • Commonly observed in neonatal and young horses
  • Indicates local lymphoid tissue response to antigens
  • Usually clinically silent unless obstructive
28
Q

What is epiglottic entrapment?

A
  • Epiglottis entrapped below the aryepiglottic folds
    • epiglottis usually hypoplastic
29
Q

What is Guttural Pouch Empyema?

A
  • Guttural Pouch is filled with exudate
    • often related to previous or concurrent bacterial infection
    • Streptococcus spp
  • Exudate can become inspissated and form concretions commonly referred to as chondroids
30
Q

What are the 4 features of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome?

A
  1. Nares - stenotic
  2. Soft Palate - elongated
  3. Trachea - Hypoplastic
  4. Laryngeal saccules everted
31
Q

What is Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis?

A
  • Condition: Roarers
  • Causes: injury or paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
    • leads of cricoarytenoideus muscle atrophy
  • Possibly:
    • Traumatic injury
    • Severe bronchopneumonia
    • Idiopathic neuritis
32
Q

What is Necrotic Laryngitis?

A
  • “Calf Diphtheria”
  • Larynx has subacute lesion with necrosis
  • Causes:
    • Fusobacterium necrophorum
    • Malignant Catarrhal Fever
    • Infectious Rhinotracheitis
33
Q

What lesion is Pathognomonic for Fetal Equine Herpes Virus?

A
  • Diffuse, wet heavy lung with prominent interlobular edema mixed with fibrin and a rubbery texture
  • Fibrin clot at the tracheal bifurcation
34
Q

What does Infectious laryngotracheitis look like?

A
  • Affects chickens
  • Caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1
35
Q

What does Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) look like?

A
  • Caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1
36
Q

What is Bovine Honkers?

A
  • Luminal compression of the trachea
  • Pathogenesis poorly understood
37
Q

What is Laryngeal Rhabdomyoma?

A
  • Neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle
  • Rarely diagnosed in dogs
38
Q

What does laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma look like?

A
  • looks like necrosis need histology for DX
39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Visceral to parietal fibrinous adhesions?

A
  1. Bacterial entry into the pleural space
  2. Inflammation (Fibrin exudation, neutrophilic infiltration)
  3. Fibrinous adhesion between the visceral and parietal pleura
40
Q

What is the pathogeneis of visceral to parietal fibrous adhesions?

A
  1. Previous bacterial fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and +/- pneumonia
  2. resolution and wound healing
  3. Chronic fibrous (collagenous adhesions