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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the kidneys

A

the main excretory organ

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2
Q

What is the role of the ureters

A

transport urine from the kidneys to bladder

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3
Q

What is the role of the urinary bladder

A

holds urine temporarily until excretion

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4
Q

What is the role of the urethra

A

a tube from the bladder that allows urine to leave the body

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5
Q

What are the 6 functions of the kidneys

A

1) regulation of water volume and solute concentration
2) balance pH
3) aids in ridding the body of metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
4) endocrine functions ( renin and erythropoietin)
5) activates vitamin d
6) aids in making glucose

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6
Q

What is the purpose of renin

A

regulates blood pressure

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7
Q

What is the purpose of erythropoietin

A

regulate the production of RBC

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8
Q

What causes a low urine output

A

dehydration
blood loss
diarrhea
enlarged prostate

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9
Q

What causes a high urine output

A

diabetes
alcohol
caffeine
drugs

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10
Q

What is urine? percentage of water? percentage of solutes? How much do we produce?

A

minimum 500 mL/day
normal range 1-2 L
95% water
5% solutes

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11
Q

What solutes are present in urine

A

urea
nitrogenous waste
other solutes: sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate

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12
Q

What are 2 nitrogenous waste

A 
uric acid ( from nucleic metabolism) 
creatinine ( from skeletal muscle)
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13
Q

What is urea

A

break down of amino acids from the liver

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14
Q

What are 4 trace substances found in urine

A

1) cells
2) proteins
3) ketones
4) blood

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15
Q

What do the presence of trace substance indicate?

A

1) cells: might indicate a UTI
2) PROTEINS: might indicate damage to kidneys
3) ketones: indicates fat metabolism / diabetes
4) blood: menstruations or severe UTI

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16
Q

What color is urine usually and what gives its color?

A

urine is normally pale to deep yellow

urochrome gives its color ( produced from rbc destruction)

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17
Q

What does urine to have a ammonia smell to it

A

due to urea being converted by bacteria

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18
Q

What is the normal pH of urine

A 
slightly acidic (6)
range from 4.5-8
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19
Q

What causes more acidic urine

A

diets rich in whole wheat or meat

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20
Q

What causes more alkaline urine (5 things)

A 
citrus fruits
 vegetables
 dairy products
 constant vomiting
 bacteria infection
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21
Q

What is specific gravity and what is the normal range

A

ratio of the mass of the substance compared to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water
1.003-1.032

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22
Q

How are the kidneys situated compared to one another

A

right lower than the left ( due to liver)

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23
Q

Define renal hilum

A

medial side. places where ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves enter and exit

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24
Q

What are the 3 internal layers of the kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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25
Define the renal cortex
superficial layer
26
define renal medulla
middle layer; contains cone shaped renal pyramids
27
Describe the renal pyramids
separated | tips of the pyramids are called papilla
28
Define the renal pelvis
tube/central cavity that connects to ureter
29
What are the 2 structures of the internal kidneys
minor and major calyces
30
Define the minor calyces
drain pyramids at papillae
31
Define major calyces
collect urine from minor | carry urine from renal pelvis
32
What is the direction of urine flow
``` renal pyramids minor calyces major calyces renal pelvis ureter ```
33
Define the nephron
the structural unit that form urine over 1 million in the kidney 2 parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
34
Why do women get UTI more frequently compared to males
sexually active | poor bathroom habits
35
Define Bowman's Capsule
a bulb that contains bundled arterioles double layered [ visceral( inside) and parietal ( outside) ] simple squamous
36
Describe the visceral layer of bowman's capsule
made of cells with small slits slits allow for flow of fluids and solutes cells positively charged and prevent entrance to negative charged molecules
37
Define what the glomerulus is
bundle arteries in bowman's capsule | afferent vessels enter and efferent vessels exit
38
What is the purpose of bundling in the glomerus
slows down the flow of blood
39
What effects do the PSNS plays on the glomerus
vagus vasodilation of arterioles more urine output
40
What effects does the SNS has on the glomerus
vasoconstriction of the arterioles | less urine output
41
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule
1) proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT) 2) NEPHRON LOOP 3) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ( dct)
42
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule
functions in reabsorption and secretion
43
What is the function of the nephron loop
comparable to the pipes under a sink > descends then ascends | used for reabsorbing water
44
What is the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule ( DCT)
functions mostly in secretion with bits of reabsorption
45
What is the function of the nephron collecting duct
1) receive the filtrate from many of the nephrons 2) run through the medullary pyramids 3) fuse together to deliver urine from papillae to minor calyces
46
What are the 2 types of nephrons
1) cortical nephrons ( 85%) | 2) juxtamedullary nephrons ()
47
What is the cortical nephrons
almost all the cortex
48
What are juxtamedullary nephron?
long nephron loops through the medulla produce concentrated urine
49
What type of capillaries do cortical nephrons have and what is the function
peritubular capillaries wound around the cortical nephron low pressure capillaries for absorption of water and solutes
50
What type of capillaries do juxtamedullary nephrons and what is there function
Vasa recta wrapped around the long nephron loop long and thin walled helps concentrate urine
51
What are the 3 steps of forming urine
1) Glomerular filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion 1. 5 L of urine made from 180L of processed fluids
52
Why does filtration occur in the glomerular filtration step? What can be filtered and what can't be filtered?
bowman's capsule filtration happens because large molecules are not able to flow out of the arterioles CAN DIFFUSE INTO THE CAPSULE SPACE: water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, salts CAN'T DIFFUSE: blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins
53
What occurs during tubular reabsorption
water, nutrients, and salt molecules are pumped from tubules into the capillary network around the nephron using active transport
54
What are the three steps to tubular reabsorptions and where do they occur
1) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 2) Loop of Henle ( Ascending and Descending) 3) Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
55
What is reabsorbed and not absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
``` reAbsorbed ( into the capillaries): 100% of glucose, 2/3rds water,sodium Not reabsorbed( stay in urine) : some water, nitrogenous waste, excess salt ```
56
What is reabsorbed and not in the loop of henle
DESCENDING: water reabsorbing ( highly permeable) not permeable to ions ASCENDING: highly permeable to ions impermeable to water
57
What is absorbed and not absorbed in the Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
normally impermeable | reabsorption can change with hormonal influences ( ex. anti-diuretic hormone increase water reabsorption)
58
What can and cant be secreted in tubular secretion
movement of molecules and ions from capillaries into tubules for urine excretion drugs ( antibiotics), hormones, metabolic waste ( urea/creatinine) and H+ and K+ ions
59
What does RAAS stand for and what is the purpose
Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System | regulate arterial blood pressure by changing the solute concentration and water reabsorption/ secretion
60
What hormone gets released when blood pressure is high?what 3 things does it cause?
``` Atrial Natriuretic Hormone ( ANH) released by myocardiocytes increase water and sodium excretion decrease water and sodium reabsorption inhibit renin secretion ``` caused by excess sodium concentration in blood
61
Define ureters and its function
prevent the backflow of urine urine entering the ureters trigger smooth muscle to push it down to the bladder strength and frequency of smooth muscle contraction based on the amount of urine
62
What are diuretics and what are examples of some. How do they work?
substances that increase urine flow ex. alcohol and caffeine alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH caffeine decreases reabsorption of sodium
63
What are kidney stones? What size are they? How can they be treated?
crystallization of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid salts most stones under 5mm will pass > 5mm can cause blockage ultrasonic waves can break up the stones
64
What are the 3 regions to the male urethra
prostatic urethra intermediate part spongy
65
How long is the prostatic urethra
1cm long | runs through the prostate
66
How long is the intermediate urethra
2 cm long | runs from prostate to penis
67
How long is the spongy urethra
15 cm long | through the penis
68
What are the 2 functions of the male urethra
1) carries semen | 2) carries urine out of the body
69
What are the 3 parts to urination/ micturition
1) detrusor contracts 2) internal urethral sphincter opens 3) external urethral sphincter opens
70
What controls the urination/ micturition
detrusor and internal sphincter controlled via ANS | external sphincter controlled via somatic
71
Define what the urethra is? how many spincters? how long is the female urethra? how long is the male urethra?
thin walled muscular tube have 2 spincters: internal and external sphincters female urethra: 3-4 cm long male urethra: 20 cm long
72
where is the internal urethra sphincter located
at the bladder-urethra junction
73
Define the external urethra sphincter
made of skeletal muscle | controlled voluntary
74
How does the bladder change shapes depending on how filled it is
when empty bladder is pyramid shaped moderately filled: 5 in long and can hold 500mL of urine Max capacity: 800-1000 mL
75
What are the 4 layers of the bladder
1) Mucosa ( inner): urothelium 2) connective tissue 3) thick smooth tissue : detrusor 4) fatty layer
76
What is the urinary bladder
a muscular sac that can collapse
77
How many opening does the bladder have
3 opening for the ureters and urethra in the inferior half of the bladder contains the region called trigone where infection mostly occur
78
What happens when blood pressure is low (5 steps)
1) renin ( enzyme) is released from kidney 2) renin stimulate pathway to create angiotensin 3) Stimulates thirst centers in brain and release aldosterone 4) Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption ( increase water reabsorption) 5) increase pressure
79
What does angiotensin induce
vasoconstriction
80
Define aldosterone
released from the adrenal gland | promotes sodium reabsorption in nephron tubules
81
What other hormone can renin stimulate
Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH)/ Vasopressin released from hypothalamus inhibits diuresis ( urine output) increase water reabsorption

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