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A&P > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the kidneys

A

the main excretory organ

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2
Q

What is the role of the ureters

A

transport urine from the kidneys to bladder

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3
Q

What is the role of the urinary bladder

A

holds urine temporarily until excretion

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4
Q

What is the role of the urethra

A

a tube from the bladder that allows urine to leave the body

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5
Q

What are the 6 functions of the kidneys

A

1) regulation of water volume and solute concentration
2) balance pH
3) aids in ridding the body of metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
4) endocrine functions ( renin and erythropoietin)
5) activates vitamin d
6) aids in making glucose

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6
Q

What is the purpose of renin

A

regulates blood pressure

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7
Q

What is the purpose of erythropoietin

A

regulate the production of RBC

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8
Q

What causes a low urine output

A

dehydration
blood loss
diarrhea
enlarged prostate

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9
Q

What causes a high urine output

A

diabetes
alcohol
caffeine
drugs

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10
Q

What is urine? percentage of water? percentage of solutes? How much do we produce?

A

minimum 500 mL/day
normal range 1-2 L
95% water
5% solutes

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11
Q

What solutes are present in urine

A

urea
nitrogenous waste
other solutes: sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate

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12
Q

What are 2 nitrogenous waste

A 
uric acid ( from nucleic metabolism) 
creatinine ( from skeletal muscle)
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13
Q

What is urea

A

break down of amino acids from the liver

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14
Q

What are 4 trace substances found in urine

A

1) cells
2) proteins
3) ketones
4) blood

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15
Q

What do the presence of trace substance indicate?

A

1) cells: might indicate a UTI
2) PROTEINS: might indicate damage to kidneys
3) ketones: indicates fat metabolism / diabetes
4) blood: menstruations or severe UTI

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16
Q

What color is urine usually and what gives its color?

A

urine is normally pale to deep yellow

urochrome gives its color ( produced from rbc destruction)

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17
Q

What does urine to have a ammonia smell to it

A

due to urea being converted by bacteria

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18
Q

What is the normal pH of urine

A 
slightly acidic (6)
range from 4.5-8
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19
Q

What causes more acidic urine

A

diets rich in whole wheat or meat

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20
Q

What causes more alkaline urine (5 things)

A 
citrus fruits
 vegetables
 dairy products
 constant vomiting
 bacteria infection
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21
Q

What is specific gravity and what is the normal range

A

ratio of the mass of the substance compared to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water
1.003-1.032

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22
Q

How are the kidneys situated compared to one another

A

right lower than the left ( due to liver)

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23
Q

Define renal hilum

A

medial side. places where ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves enter and exit

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24
Q

What are the 3 internal layers of the kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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25
Q

Define the renal cortex

A

superficial layer

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26
Q

define renal medulla

A

middle layer; contains cone shaped renal pyramids

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27
Q

Describe the renal pyramids

A

separated

tips of the pyramids are called papilla

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28
Q

Define the renal pelvis

A

tube/central cavity that connects to ureter

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29
Q

What are the 2 structures of the internal kidneys

A

minor and major calyces

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30
Q

Define the minor calyces

A

drain pyramids at papillae

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31
Q

Define major calyces

A

collect urine from minor

carry urine from renal pelvis

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32
Q

What is the direction of urine flow

A 
renal pyramids
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
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33
Q

Define the nephron

A

the structural unit that form urine
over 1 million in the kidney
2 parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule

34
Q

Why do women get UTI more frequently compared to males

A

sexually active

poor bathroom habits

35
Q

Define Bowman’s Capsule

A

a bulb that contains bundled arterioles
double layered [ visceral( inside) and parietal ( outside) ]
simple squamous

36
Q

Describe the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

A

made of cells with small slits
slits allow for flow of fluids and solutes
cells positively charged and prevent entrance to negative charged molecules

37
Q

Define what the glomerulus is

A

bundle arteries in bowman’s capsule

afferent vessels enter and efferent vessels exit

38
Q

What is the purpose of bundling in the glomerus

A

slows down the flow of blood

39
Q

What effects do the PSNS plays on the glomerus

A

vagus
vasodilation of arterioles
more urine output

40
Q

What effects does the SNS has on the glomerus

A

vasoconstriction of the arterioles

less urine output

41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule

A

1) proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT)
2) NEPHRON LOOP
3) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ( dct)

42
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

functions in reabsorption and secretion

43
Q

What is the function of the nephron loop

A

comparable to the pipes under a sink > descends then ascends

used for reabsorbing water

44
Q

What is the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule ( DCT)

A

functions mostly in secretion with bits of reabsorption

45
Q

What is the function of the nephron collecting duct

A

1) receive the filtrate from many of the nephrons
2) run through the medullary pyramids
3) fuse together to deliver urine from papillae to minor calyces

46
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A

1) cortical nephrons ( 85%)

2) juxtamedullary nephrons ()

47
Q

What is the cortical nephrons

A

almost all the cortex

48
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephron?

A

long nephron loops
through the medulla
produce concentrated urine

49
Q

What type of capillaries do cortical nephrons have and what is the function

A

peritubular capillaries
wound around the cortical nephron
low pressure capillaries for absorption of water and solutes

50
Q

What type of capillaries do juxtamedullary nephrons and what is there function

A

Vasa recta
wrapped around the long nephron loop
long and thin walled
helps concentrate urine

51
Q

What are the 3 steps of forming urine

A

1) Glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion
1. 5 L of urine made from 180L of processed fluids

52
Q

Why does filtration occur in the glomerular filtration step? What can be filtered and what can’t be filtered?

A

bowman’s capsule
filtration happens because large molecules are not able to flow out of the arterioles
CAN DIFFUSE INTO THE CAPSULE SPACE: water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, salts
CAN’T DIFFUSE: blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins

53
Q

What occurs during tubular reabsorption

A

water, nutrients, and salt molecules are pumped from tubules into the capillary network around the nephron using active transport

54
Q

What are the three steps to tubular reabsorptions and where do they occur

A

1) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
2) Loop of Henle ( Ascending and Descending)
3) Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct

55
Q

What is reabsorbed and not absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A 
reAbsorbed ( into the capillaries): 100% of glucose, 2/3rds water,sodium
Not reabsorbed( stay in urine) : some water, nitrogenous waste, excess salt
56
Q

What is reabsorbed and not in the loop of henle

A

DESCENDING: water reabsorbing ( highly permeable)
not permeable to ions
ASCENDING: highly permeable to ions
impermeable to water

57
Q

What is absorbed and not absorbed in the Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

normally impermeable

reabsorption can change with hormonal influences ( ex. anti-diuretic hormone increase water reabsorption)

58
Q

What can and cant be secreted in tubular secretion

A

movement of molecules and ions from capillaries into tubules for urine excretion
drugs ( antibiotics), hormones, metabolic waste ( urea/creatinine) and H+ and K+ ions

59
Q

What does RAAS stand for and what is the purpose

A

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System

regulate arterial blood pressure by changing the solute concentration and water reabsorption/ secretion

60
Q

What hormone gets released when blood pressure is high?what 3 things does it cause?

A 
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone ( ANH)
released by myocardiocytes 
increase water and sodium excretion
decrease water and sodium reabsorption
inhibit renin secretion

caused by excess sodium concentration in blood

61
Q

Define ureters and its function

A

prevent the backflow of urine
urine entering the ureters trigger smooth muscle to push it down to the bladder
strength and frequency of smooth muscle contraction based on the amount of urine

62
Q

What are diuretics and what are examples of some. How do they work?

A

substances that increase urine flow
ex. alcohol and caffeine
alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH
caffeine decreases reabsorption of sodium

63
Q

What are kidney stones? What size are they? How can they be treated?

A

crystallization of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid salts
most stones under 5mm will pass
> 5mm can cause blockage
ultrasonic waves can break up the stones

64
Q

What are the 3 regions to the male urethra

A

prostatic urethra
intermediate part
spongy

65
Q

How long is the prostatic urethra

A

1cm long

runs through the prostate

66
Q

How long is the intermediate urethra

A

2 cm long

runs from prostate to penis

67
Q

How long is the spongy urethra

A

15 cm long

through the penis

68
Q

What are the 2 functions of the male urethra

A

1) carries semen

2) carries urine out of the body

69
Q

What are the 3 parts to urination/ micturition

A

1) detrusor contracts
2) internal urethral sphincter opens
3) external urethral sphincter opens

70
Q

What controls the urination/ micturition

A

detrusor and internal sphincter controlled via ANS

external sphincter controlled via somatic

71
Q

Define what the urethra is?
how many spincters?
how long is the female urethra?
how long is the male urethra?

A

thin walled muscular tube
have 2 spincters: internal and external sphincters
female urethra: 3-4 cm long
male urethra: 20 cm long

72
Q

where is the internal urethra sphincter located

A

at the bladder-urethra junction

73
Q

Define the external urethra sphincter

A

made of skeletal muscle

controlled voluntary

74
Q

How does the bladder change shapes depending on how filled it is

A

when empty bladder is pyramid shaped
moderately filled: 5 in long and can hold 500mL of urine
Max capacity: 800-1000 mL

75
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bladder

A

1) Mucosa ( inner): urothelium
2) connective tissue
3) thick smooth tissue : detrusor
4) fatty layer

76
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

a muscular sac that can collapse

77
Q

How many opening does the bladder have

A

3 opening for the ureters and urethra in the inferior half of the bladder
contains the region called trigone where infection mostly occur

78
Q

What happens when blood pressure is low (5 steps)

A

1) renin ( enzyme) is released from kidney
2) renin stimulate pathway to create angiotensin
3) Stimulates thirst centers in brain and release aldosterone
4) Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption ( increase water reabsorption)
5) increase pressure

79
Q

What does angiotensin induce

A

vasoconstriction

80
Q

Define aldosterone

A

released from the adrenal gland

promotes sodium reabsorption in nephron tubules

81
Q

What other hormone can renin stimulate

A

Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH)/ Vasopressin
released from hypothalamus
inhibits diuresis ( urine output)
increase water reabsorption

A&P (9 decks)

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